HINDU-BUDDHIST SYNCRETISM IN MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN NEPAL (AN OBELISK (MIDDLE OF THE XVIII CENTURY) ON THE RESTORATION OF STUPA SVAYAMBHUNATH)
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Abstract
The article is devoted to the question of syncretism in Nepal, a country where Hinduism and Buddhism interacted for centuries. It analyzes the adaptation strategies and interactions of both Great Traditions, especially during the reign of pro-Hindu oriented dynasties of Nepal. Focusing on the history of the Nepalese Sangha, the author examines how the Buddhist community had to adapt to the political situation in the officially Hindu kingdom dominated by the Hindu tradition strong at the court of kings. The way Buddhism and Hinduism had a hidden soft competition, taking elements of both religions in their practices; both competed for influence in the court of the king, adjust to changing social and political is being studied in the article. So Buddhists should undertake certain reforms, to resort to new strategies for protecting the sangha, create and rethink traditional Buddhist texts in a new way. A wonderful example of these processes is studied in the article. An obelisk from Svayambhunath monastery dedicated to the restoration of the stupa in the 1750’s is another Nepalese source for the study.
How to Cite
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Hindu-Buddhist Syncretism, Nepal, Stupa Svayambhunath
Иванов Б. А. Культ Кумари в Непале // Культура Непала: традиции и современность. Санкт-Петербург, 2000.
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Bühnemann Gudrun. Śiva and Avalokiteśvara: On the iconography and date of the Golden Window and Golden Door of Patan’s Royal Palace // Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Vol. 75, Issue 02. 2012.
Dowman K. and Bubriski K. Power-places of Kathmandu: Hindu and Buddhist Holy Sites in the Sacred Valley of Nepal. London, 1995.
Gellner David N. A Sketch of the History of Lalitpur (Patan) with Special Reference to Buddhism // Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies Journal. Vol. 23, № 1. 1996.
Gellner David N. The Anthropology of Buddhism and Hinduism: Weberian Themes. New Delhi, 2012.
Hamilton F. B. An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal. Edinburgh, 1819.
Kirkpatrick W. An Account of the Kingdom of Nepaul. London, 1811.
Kolver B. Re-Building a Stupa. Architectural Drawings of the Svayambhu. Bonn, 1996.
Landon P. Nepal. V. 2. London, 1928.
Le Bon Gustav. Voyage au Népal. Paris, 1886.
Levy Robert I. Mesocosm: the organization of a Hindu Newar city in Nepal. Berkeley, 1990.
Lewis Todd. Buddhist Merchants in Kathmandu: The Asan Twah Market and Uray Social Organization // Contested Hierarchies. Oxford, 1995.
Lewis Todd. Popular Buddhist Texts from Nepal: Narratives and Rituals of Newar Buddhism. New York, 2000.
Lienhard Siegfried. Problèmes du syncrétisme religieux au Népal // Bulletin de l’Ecole française d’Extrême-Orient. Vol. 65, № 1. 1978.
Petech Luciano. Mediaeval History of Nepal (ca. 750–1480). Rome, 1958.
Prithvi Narayan Shah. Dibya Upadesh // Baral Leelanatheshwar Sharma. Life and Writings of Prithvinarayan Shah. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of London, 1964.
Regmi M. C. Landownership in Nepal. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, 1976.
Rose L. E. Nepal: strategy for survival. Berkeley, 1971.
Rospatt A. von. On the Conception of the Stūpa in Vajrayāna Buddhism: The Example of the Svayambhucaitya of Kathmandu // Journal of the Nepal Research Centre. Vol. 11. 1999.
Rospatt A. von. The Sacred Origins of the Svayambhūcaitya and the Nepal Valley: Foreign Speculation and Local Myth // Journal of the Nepal Research Centre. Vol. 13. 2009.
Shakya Min Bahadur. Svayambhu Purana: A source of Nepalese Buddhist tradition and practice. 2009. – https://ru.scribd.com/doc/19827016/Svayambhu-Purana
Shrestha Bal Gopal. The Sacred Town of Sankhu: The Anthropology of Newar Ritual, Religion and Society in Nepal. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2012.
Slusser Mary Shepherd. Nepal Mandala: A Cultural History of the Kathmandu Valley. Vol. I. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1982.
Stiller L. F. The rise of the House of Gorkha: a study in the unification of Nepal 1768–1816. Kathmandu, 1995.
Toffin Gérard. Royal images and ceremonies of Power in Nepal (17th – 21st centuries) // Rivista di studi sudasiatici. Vol. 3. 2008.
Tuladhar-Douglas Will. Remaking Buddhism for Medieval Nepal: The Fifteenth-century Reformation of Newar Buddhism. New York, 2006.
REFERENCES
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Bajracharya B. R. (1992), Bahadur Shah. The Regent of Nepal (1785–1794 AD), New Delhi.
Bangdel Dina (2010), “Pilgrimage traditions of Nepal”, in Pilgrimage and Faith: Buddhism, Christianity and Islam, Chicago.
Baral Leelanatheshwar Sharma (1964), Life and Writings of Prithvinarayan Shah, Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of London.
Burghart Richard (1984), “The Formation of the Concept of Nation-State in Nepal”, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 44, No. 1.
Burghart R. (1987), “Gifts to the Gods: Power, Property and Ceremonial in Nepal”, in David Cannadine, Simon Price (Eds.), Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies, Cambridge University Press.
Bühnemann Gudrun (2012), “Śiva and Avalokiteśvara: On the iconography and date of the Golden Window and Golden Door of Patan’s Royal Palace”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 75, Issue 02.
Dowman K. and Bubriski K. (1995), Power-places of Kathmandu: Hindu and Buddhist Holy Sites in the Sacred Valley of Nepal, London.
Gellner David N. (1996), “A Sketch of the History of Lalitpur (Patan) with Special Reference to Buddhism”, Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1.
Gellner David N. (2012), The Anthropology of Buddhism and Hinduism: Weberian Themes, New Delhi.
Hamilton F. B. (1819), An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal, Edinburgh.
Kirkpatrick W. 1811), An Account of the Kingdom of Nepaul, London.
Kolver B. (1996), Re-Building a Stupa. Architectural Drawings of the Svayambhu, Bonn.
Landon P. (1928), Nepal, V. 2, London.
Le Bon Gustav (1886), Voyage au Népal, Paris.
Levy Robert I. (1990), Mesocosm: the organization of a Hindu Newar city in Nepal, Berkeley.
Lewis Todd (1995), “Buddhist Merchants in Kathmandu: The Asan Twah Market and Uray Social Organization”, in Contested Hierarchies, Oxford.
Lewis Todd (2000), Popular Buddhist Texts from Nepal: Narratives and Rituals of Newar Buddhism, New York.
Lienhard Siegfried (1978), “Problèmes du syncrétisme religieux au Népal”, Bulletin de l’Ecole française d’Extrême-Orient, Vol. 65, No. 1.
Petech Luciano (1958), Mediaeval History of Nepal (ca. 750–1480), Rome.
Prithvi Narayan Shah (1964), “Dibya Upadesh”, Baral Leelanatheshwar Sharma. Life and Writings of Prithvinarayan Shah, Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of London.
Regmi M. C. (1976), Landownership in Nepal, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.
Rose L. E. (1971), Nepal: strategy for survival, Berkeley.
Rospatt A. von. (1999), “On the Conception of the Stūpa in Vajrayāna Buddhism: The Example of the Svayambhucaitya of Kathmandu”, Journal of the Nepal Research Centre, Vol. 11.
Rospatt A. von. (2009), “The Sacred Origins of the Svayambhūcaitya and the Nepal Valley: Foreign Speculation and Local Myth”, Journal of the Nepal Research Centre, Vol. 13.
Shakya Min Bahadur (2009), Svayambhu Purana: A source of Nepalese Buddhist tradition and practice, available at: https://ru.scribd.com/doc/19827016/Svayambhu-Purana
Shrestha Bal Gopal (2012), The Sacred Town of Sankhu: The Anthropology of Newar Ritual, Religion and Society in Nepal, Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Slusser Mary Shepherd (1982), Nepal Mandala: A Cultural History of the Kathmandu Valley, Vol. I, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
Stiller L. F. (1995), The rise of the House of Gorkha: a study in the unification of Nepal 1768–1816, Kathmandu.
Toffin Gérard (2008), Royal images and ceremonies of Power in Nepal (17th – 21st centuries)”, Rivista di studi sudasiatici, Vol. 3.
Tuladhar-Douglas Will (2006), Remaking Buddhism for Medieval Nepal: The Fifteenth-century Reformation of Newar Buddhism, New York.
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