POLITICAL WESTERNIZATION OF EDUCATED INDIANS IN HINDU MILIEU OF NORTHERN INDIA (1858–1921)
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Abstract
Political westernization is the process of accepting the parliamentary system in India, which started from the second half of 19th century. One of the key elements of political westernization is the idea of representative government, which became the most actual in the political context of Punjab and North-Western Provinces where Hindu-Muslim controversies were the most sharp. Representation of power had the explicit religious sense here. Gradual politisation of Hindu community and conjunction of reformists activity with traditional orientation can be the main feature of applying Western political models on the native soil in Northern India. Moreover, political activity of Hindu elites from Punjab and North-Western provinces proceeded along two lines. The first reform line was represented by Arya Samaj while the second quasi-reform was embodied by Hindu Mahasabha.
How to Cite
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Hindu Mahasabha, Indian National Congress, Modernization, Northern India, westernization
Bapu P. Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915–1930. Constructing Nation and History. London and New York, 2013.
Bayly C. A. Patrons and Politic in North India // Modern Asian Studies. Vol. 7, No. 3. Cambridge University Press, 1973.
Bose P. N. The Illusion of New India. Calcutta, 1916. Cassan G. British law and caste identity manipulation in colonial India: the Punjab Alienation of Land Act. – [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу до статті: http://www.parisschoolofeconomics.eu. Відвідано: 04.09.2015.
Census of India. General Report. 1891. London, 1893.
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Freigtag B. S. Sacred Symbol of Mobilizing Ideology: the North Indian Search for “Hindu” Community // Comparative Studies in Society and History. Vol. 22, No. 4 (October ). 1980.
Freigtag B. S. Collective Action and Community: Public Arenas and the Emergence of Communalism in North India. Berkley, Los Angeles, Oxford, 1989.
Gordon R. The Hindu Mahasabha and the Indian National Congress, 1915 to 1926 // Modern Asian Studies. Vol. 9, No. 2. 1975.
Joshi S. Fractured Modernity. Oxford University Press, 2001.
McLane J. R. The Early Congress, Hindu Populism and the Wider Society // Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-independence Phase. University of California Press, 1988.
Parekh C. B. Colonialism, Tradition, and Reform: An Analysis of Gandhi’s Political Discourse. New Delhi – Thousand Oaks – London, 1999.
Proceedings of the First Indian National Congress: on the 28th, 29th, 30th December 1885. Madras, 1905.
Rai L. L. Political Work in the Punjab // Lala Lajpat Rai. Writings and Speeches. Vol. 1. Delhi-Jallundur, 1966.
Rizwan A. Scripting a New Identity: The Battle for Devanagari in Nineteenth Century India // Journal of Pragmatics. Vol. 40. Issue 7. 2008.
Seal A. The Emergence of Indian nationalism. Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Seal A. Imperialism and Nationalism in India // Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940. CUP Archive, 1973.
Speech at the First Provincial Conference of The United Provinces in Allahabad, March 29, 1907 // Selected Works of Motilal Nehru. Vikas, 1993.
Zavos J. Searching for Hindu Nationalism in Modern Indian History: Analysis of Some Early Ideological Developments // Economic and Political Weekly. Vol. 34, No. 32 (Aug. 7–13). 1999.
REFERENCES
Bapu P. (2013), Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915–1930. Constructing Nation and History, London and New York.
Bayly C. A. (1973), “Patrons and Politic in North India”, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 7, No. 3, Cambridge University Press.
Bose P. N. (1916), The Illusion of New India, Calcutta.
Cassan G., British law and caste identity manipulation in colonial India: the Punjab Alienation of Land Act, available at: http://www.parisschoolofeconomics.eu (accessed September 4, 2015).
Census of India, General Report, 1891 (1893), London.
Census of India (1912), Vol. XIV: Punjab, Part I: Report, Lahore.
Freigtag B. S. (1980), “Sacred Symbol of Mobilizing Ideology: the North Indian Search for “Hindu” Community”, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 22, No. 4 (October).
Freigtag B. S. (1989), Collective Action and Community: Public Arenas and the Emergence of Communalism in North India, Berkley, Los Angeles, Oxford.
Gordon R. (1975), “The Hindu Mahasabha and the Indian National Congress, 1915 to 1926”, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2.
Joshi S. (2001), Fractured Modernity, Oxford University Press.
McLane J. R. (1988), “The Early Congress, Hindu Populism and the Wider Society” in Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-independence Phase, University of California Press.
Parekh C. B. (1999), Colonialism, Tradition, and Reform: An Analysis of Gandhi’s Political Discourse, New Delhi, Thousand Oaks, London.
Proceedings of the First Indian National Congress: on the 28th, 29th, 30th December 1885 (1905), Madras.
Rai L. L. (1966), “Political Work in the Punjab”, in Lala Lajpat Rai, Writings and Speeches, Vol. 1, Delhi-Jallundur.
Rizwan A. (2008), Scripting a New Identity: The Battle for Devanagari in Nineteenth Century India, Journal of Pragmatics, Vol. 40, Issue 7.
Seal A. (1971), The Emergence of Indian nationalism. Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century, Cambridge University Press.
Seal A. (1973), “Imperialism and Nationalism in India”, in Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940, CUP Archive.
“Speech at the First Provincial Conference of The United Provinces in Allahabad, March 29, 1907”, in Selected Works of Motilal Nehru (1993), Vikas.
Zavos J. (1999), “Searching for Hindu Nationalism in Modern Indian History: Analysis of Some Early Ideological Developments”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 34, No. 32 (Aug. 7–13).
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