Sages and Wisdom in the Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad
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Abstract
The paper analyses the figure of the sage who plays a leading role in the Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad. In addition to Śvetāśvatara, the sages in the ancient Indian text are not only other nameless ascetic persons, but also manifestations of the Absolute Reality (Brahman, Savitar, Rudra). The interaction exists between representatives of these two worlds and ontologies. Human sages are oriented towards Absolute Reality, while its representatives respond to them. This orientation requires special training and is aimed at a profound transformation of a person. As a result, such a person gains the ability to comprehend absolute knowledge, get rid of the imperfect world and become immortal. The Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad focuses mainly not on everyday or empirical existence, but on wisdom as the knowledge of the primary causes and primary principles of all that exists, as the knowledge of the main goal of the human being, as the secret and true knowledge. Since the wisdom of ascetics is based on, and transmits the primordial superhuman wisdom (Sophia Perennis), there is a reason to speak of a hierarchy of wisdom, of the subordination of human wisdom to a higher Wisdom.
The Upaniṣad contains concise polemical motifs that are an important evidence of other speculative positions that coexist (and compete?) with wise Śvetāśvatara’s doctrine.
Lexemes denoting sages are present in each section of the text, in its first and last stanzas. This indicates that the figure of the sage plays an important role in the compositional concept of the entire Upaniṣad, being one of its central and recurring themes.
Internal and external quotations draw special attention in the Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad. With regard to external quotations from earlier authoritative Vedic texts, their presence legitimises the text of the Upaniṣad itself, making it canonical and sacred. Whereas internal quotations serve as examples of the author’s conscious position, emphasising important innovative aspects of his doctrine. Thus, the doctrine of wise Śvetāśvatara is characterised by a unique combination of traditional and innovative knowledge as epistemological positions, hence, it receives the special name of “Vedānta”.
How to Cite
Zavhorodnii, Y. (2026). Sages and Wisdom in the Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad. The World of the Orient, (1 (130), 218-238. https://doi.org/10.15407/orientw2026.01.218
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Keywords
Absolute Reality; sage; Śvetāśvatara; Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad; wisdom
References
Елизаренкова Т. Я. (1982), Грамматика ведийского языка, Наука, Москва.
Завгородній Ю. Ю. (2024), “Шветашватара-упанішада 1.1-16 / Переклад із санскриту, вступна стаття та коментарі Ю. Ю. Завгороднього”, Східний світ, № 3, с. 292–311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/orientw2024.03.292
Andrijanić I. (2019), “Śaṅkara and the authorship of Śvetāśvataropaniṣad-Bhāṣya”, The Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 12, Issue 3, pp. 273–291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jhs/hiy014
Apte V. G. (1927), Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad. Edited With the Commentaries of Śaṃkara, Śaṃkarānanda, Nārāyaṇa, and Vijñānabhagavat, (Anandasrama Sanskrit Series, 17), Poona.
Bhagat M. G. (1976), Ancient Indian Asceticism, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi.
Bhandarkar R. G. (2001), Vaiṣṇavism, Śaivism and Minor Religious Systems, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi.
Chakraborti H. (1973), Asceticism in Ancient India in Brahmanical, Buddhist, Jaina, and Ajivika Societies: From the Earliest Times to the Period of Śaṅkarāchārya, Punthi Pustak, Calcutta.
Chemparathy G. (2007), “Some Problems in Determining the Number and the Names of the Vedic Upaniṣads”, in Karin Preisendanz (ed.), Expanding and Merging Horizons: Contributions to South Asian and Cross-Cultural Studies in Commemoration of Wilhelm Halbfass, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, pp. 587–601.
Cohen S. (1998), “The Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad Reconsidered”, Acta Orientalia, No. 59, pp. 150–178.
Cohen S. (ed.) (2018), The Upaniṣads. A Complete Guide, Routledge, London and New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315758701
Coomaraswamy A. K. (2004), The Essential, Rama P. Coomaraswamy (ed.), World Wisdom, W/c.
Dandekar R. N. (1976), “Vaiṣṇavism and Śaivism”, in Dandekar, R. N. (ed.), Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar as an Indologist: A Symposium, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, pp. 21–111.
Deussen P. (trans.) (1980), Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Part One, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi.
Devadatta Kālī (trans.) (2011), Śvetāśvataropaniṣad. The Knowledge that Liberates, Nikolas-Hays, Lake Worth.
Dundas P. (2002), The Jains, Routledge, London and New York.
Eliade M. (1958), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Routledge and Kegan Paul, New York.
Griffith R. T. H. (1920), The Hymns of the Rigveda. Translated with a Popular Commentary, Vol. I, Benares.
Hadot P. (2004), What is Ancient Philosophy?, Transl. by Michael Chase, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA and London.
Hara M. (1961), “Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad, 6, 22”, Shūkyō Kenkyū, 168 (Vol. 35, No. 1), pp. 74–98.
Hauschild R. (1927), Die Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad: Eine kritische Ausgabe mit einer Übersetzung und einer Übersicht über ihre Lehren, (Abhandlungen fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes, XVII.3), Leipzig.
Huizinga J. (1980), Homo Ludens. A Study of the Play-Element in Culture, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, Boston and Henley.
Hume R. E. (trans.) (1921), The Thirteen Principal Upaniṣads, Oxford University Press, London.
Gambhirananda Swami (trans.) (2009), Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad. With the Commentary of Śaṅkarācārya, Advaita Ashrama, Kolkata.
Gonda J. (1963), The Vision of the Vedic Poets, Mouton, The Hague.
Gonda J. (1975), Vedic Literature (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas), Otto Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden.
Gonda J. (2016), Viṣṇuism and Śivaism: A Comparison, Bloombsbury Academic, London.
Graheli А (2008), “In Praise of Repetition”, International Institute for Asian Studies Newsletter, 48, р. 24.
Jacob G. A. (1963), Upanishad Vakya Kosha. A Concordance to the Principal Upanishads and Bhagavadītā, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi-Varanasi-Patna.
Kane P. V. (1941), History of Dharmaśāstra (Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law), Vol. 2, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona.
Lighthiser T. P. (2002), “Upanishads: A Contribution Towards Bibliography of Secondary Literature and Reviews”, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 30, pp. 85–101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014513826346
Limaye V. P. and Vadekar R. D. (eds) (1958), Eighteen Principal Upaniṣads, Vaidika Saṃśodhana Maṇḍala, Poona.
Müller F. M. (ed. and trans.) (1884), The Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 15: The Upanishads, Pt. II, The Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Nakamura H. (1973), Religions and Philosophies of India. A Survey with Bibliographical Notes, The Hokuseido Press, The Eastern Institute, Tokyo.
Nooten van B. A. and Holland G. B. (eds) (1994), Rig Veda: A Metrically Restored Text with an Introduction and Notes, Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London.
Oberlies T. (1988), “Die Śvetāśvatara-Upaniṣad: Eine Studie ihrer Gotteslehre”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens und Archiv für Indische Philosophie, Band 32, pp. 35–62.
Oberlies T. (1995), “Die Śvetāśvatara-Upaniṣad: Einleitung-Edition und Übersetzung von Adhyāya I”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens, Band 39, pp. 61–102.
Oberlies T. (1998), “Die Śvetāśvatara-Upaniṣad: Edition und Übersetzung von Adhyaya IV–VI” (Studien zu den ‘mittleren’ Upaniṣads II – 3. Teil)”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens, Band 42, pp. 77–138.
Olivelle P. (1993), The Āśrama System. The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
Olivelle P. (1998), The Early Upaniṣads. Annotated Text and Translation, Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
Radhakrishnan S. (1953), The Principal Upaniṣads, With Introduction, Text and Translation and Notes, George Allen and Unwin, London.
Renard P. (1995), “Historical Bibliography of Upaniṣads in Translation”, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 223–246.
Salomon R. (1986), “The Śvetāśvatara and the Nāsadīya: Vedic Citations in a Śaiva Upaniṣad”, Adyar Library Bulletin, Vol. 50, pp. 165–178.
Sanskrit Dictionaries, available at: https://michaelmeyer.fr/sanskrit (accessed October 20, 2025).
Zbavitel D. (2004), Upanišady, Přeložil Dušan Zbavitel, Dharma Gaia, Praha.
REFERENCES
Elizarenkova T. Ya. (1982), Grammatika vediyskogo yazyka, Nauka, Moscow. (In Russian).
Zavhorodnii Yu. Yu. (2024), “Shvetashvatara-upanishada 1.1-16. Pereklad iz sanskrytu, vstupna stattia ta komentari Yu. Yu. Zavhorodnoho”, Shìdnij svìt, No. 3, pp. 292–311. (In Ukrainian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/orientw2024.03.292
Andrijanić I. (2019), “Śaṅkara and the authorship of Śvetāśvataropaniṣad-Bhāṣya”, The Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 12, Issue 3, pp. 273–291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jhs/hiy014
Apte V. G. (1927), Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad. Edited With the Commentaries of Śaṃkara, Śaṃkarānanda, Nārāyaṇa, and Vijñānabhagavat, (Anandasrama Sanskrit Series, 17), Poona.
Bhagat M. G. (1976), Ancient Indian Asceticism, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi.
Bhandarkar R. G. (2001), Vaiṣṇavism, Śaivism and Minor Religious Systems, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi.
Chakraborti H. (1973), Asceticism in Ancient India in Brahmanical, Buddhist, Jaina, and Ajivika Societies: From the Earliest Times to the Period of Śaṅkarāchārya, Punthi Pustak, Calcutta.
Chemparathy G. (2007), “Some Problems in Determining the Number and the Names of the Vedic Upaniṣads”, in Karin Preisendanz (ed.), Expanding and Merging Horizons: Contributions to South Asian and Cross-Cultural Studies in Commemoration of Wilhelm Halbfass, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, pp. 587–601.
Cohen S. (1998), “The Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad Reconsidered”, Acta Orientalia, No. 59, pp. 150–178.
Cohen S. (ed.) (2018), The Upaniṣads. A Complete Guide, Routledge, London and New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315758701
Coomaraswamy A. K. (2004), The Essential, Rama P. Coomaraswamy (ed.), World Wisdom, W/c.
Dandekar R. N. (1976), “Vaiṣṇavism and Śaivism”, in Dandekar, R. N. (ed.), Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar as an Indologist: A Symposium, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, pp. 21–111.
Deussen P. (trans.) (1980), Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Part One, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi.
Devadatta Kālī (trans.) (2011), Śvetāśvataropaniṣad. The Knowledge that Liberates, Nikolas-Hays, Lake Worth.
Dundas P. (2002), The Jains, Routledge, London and New York.
Eliade M. (1958), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Routledge and Kegan Paul, New York.
Griffith R. T. H. (1920), The Hymns of the Rigveda. Translated with a Popular Commentary, Vol. I, Benares.
Hadot P. (2004), What is Ancient Philosophy?, Transl. by Michael Chase, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA and London.
Hara M. (1961), “Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad, 6, 22”, Shūkyō Kenkyū, 168 (Vol. 35, No. 1), pp. 74–98.
Hauschild R. (1927), Die Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad: Eine kritische Ausgabe mit einer Übersetzung und einer Übersicht über ihre Lehren, (Abhandlungen fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes, XVII.3), Leipzig.
Huizinga J. (1980), Homo Ludens. A Study of the Play-Element in Culture, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, Boston and Henley.
Hume R. E. (trans.) (1921), The Thirteen Principal Upaniṣads, Oxford University Press, London.
Gambhirananda Swami (trans.) (2009), Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad. With the Commentary of Śaṅkarācārya, Advaita Ashrama, Kolkata.
Gonda J. (1963), The Vision of the Vedic Poets, Mouton, The Hague.
Gonda J. (1975), Vedic Literature (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas), Otto Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden.
Gonda J. (2016), Viṣṇuism and Śivaism: A Comparison, Bloombsbury Academic, London.
Graheli А (2008), “In Praise of Repetition”, International Institute for Asian Studies Newsletter, 48, р. 24.
Jacob G. A. (1963), Upanishad Vakya Kosha. A Concordance to the Principal Upanishads and Bhagavadītā, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi-Varanasi-Patna.
Kane P. V. (1941), History of Dharmaśāstra (Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law), Vol. 2, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona.
Lighthiser T. P. (2002), “Upanishads: A Contribution Towards Bibliography of Secondary Literature and Reviews”, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 30, pp. 85–101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014513826346
Limaye V. P. and Vadekar R. D. (eds) (1958), Eighteen Principal Upaniṣads, Vaidika Saṃśodhana Maṇḍala, Poona.
Müller F. M. (ed. and trans.) (1884), The Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 15: The Upanishads, Pt. II, The Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Nakamura H. (1973), Religions and Philosophies of India. A Survey with Bibliographical Notes, The Hokuseido Press, The Eastern Institute, Tokyo.
Nooten van B. A. and Holland G. B. (eds) (1994), Rig Veda: A Metrically Restored Text with an Introduction and Notes, Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London.
Oberlies T. (1988), “Die Śvetāśvatara-Upaniṣad: Eine Studie ihrer Gotteslehre”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens und Archiv für Indische Philosophie, Band 32, pp. 35–62.
Oberlies T. (1995), “Die Śvetāśvatara-Upaniṣad: Einleitung-Edition und Übersetzung von Adhyāya I”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens, Band 39, pp. 61–102.
Oberlies T. (1998), “Die Śvetāśvatara-Upaniṣad: Edition und Übersetzung von Adhyaya IV–VI” (Studien zu den ‘mittleren’ Upaniṣads II – 3. Teil)”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens, Band 42, pp. 77–138.
Olivelle P. (1993), The Āśrama System. The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
Olivelle P. (1998), The Early Upaniṣads. Annotated Text and Translation, Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
Radhakrishnan S. (1953), The Principal Upaniṣads, With Introduction, Text and Translation and Notes, George Allen and Unwin, London.
Renard P. (1995), “Historical Bibliography of Upaniṣads in Translation”, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 223–246.
Salomon R. (1986), “The Śvetāśvatara and the Nāsadīya: Vedic Citations in a Śaiva Upaniṣad”, Adyar Library Bulletin, Vol. 50, pp. 165–178.
Sanskrit Dictionaries, available at: https://michaelmeyer.fr/sanskrit (accessed October 20, 2025).
Zbavitel D. (2004), Upanišady, Přeložil Dušan Zbavitel, Dharma Gaia, Praha.
Завгородній Ю. Ю. (2024), “Шветашватара-упанішада 1.1-16 / Переклад із санскриту, вступна стаття та коментарі Ю. Ю. Завгороднього”, Східний світ, № 3, с. 292–311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/orientw2024.03.292
Andrijanić I. (2019), “Śaṅkara and the authorship of Śvetāśvataropaniṣad-Bhāṣya”, The Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 12, Issue 3, pp. 273–291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jhs/hiy014
Apte V. G. (1927), Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad. Edited With the Commentaries of Śaṃkara, Śaṃkarānanda, Nārāyaṇa, and Vijñānabhagavat, (Anandasrama Sanskrit Series, 17), Poona.
Bhagat M. G. (1976), Ancient Indian Asceticism, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi.
Bhandarkar R. G. (2001), Vaiṣṇavism, Śaivism and Minor Religious Systems, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi.
Chakraborti H. (1973), Asceticism in Ancient India in Brahmanical, Buddhist, Jaina, and Ajivika Societies: From the Earliest Times to the Period of Śaṅkarāchārya, Punthi Pustak, Calcutta.
Chemparathy G. (2007), “Some Problems in Determining the Number and the Names of the Vedic Upaniṣads”, in Karin Preisendanz (ed.), Expanding and Merging Horizons: Contributions to South Asian and Cross-Cultural Studies in Commemoration of Wilhelm Halbfass, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, pp. 587–601.
Cohen S. (1998), “The Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad Reconsidered”, Acta Orientalia, No. 59, pp. 150–178.
Cohen S. (ed.) (2018), The Upaniṣads. A Complete Guide, Routledge, London and New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315758701
Coomaraswamy A. K. (2004), The Essential, Rama P. Coomaraswamy (ed.), World Wisdom, W/c.
Dandekar R. N. (1976), “Vaiṣṇavism and Śaivism”, in Dandekar, R. N. (ed.), Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar as an Indologist: A Symposium, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, pp. 21–111.
Deussen P. (trans.) (1980), Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Part One, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi.
Devadatta Kālī (trans.) (2011), Śvetāśvataropaniṣad. The Knowledge that Liberates, Nikolas-Hays, Lake Worth.
Dundas P. (2002), The Jains, Routledge, London and New York.
Eliade M. (1958), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Routledge and Kegan Paul, New York.
Griffith R. T. H. (1920), The Hymns of the Rigveda. Translated with a Popular Commentary, Vol. I, Benares.
Hadot P. (2004), What is Ancient Philosophy?, Transl. by Michael Chase, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA and London.
Hara M. (1961), “Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad, 6, 22”, Shūkyō Kenkyū, 168 (Vol. 35, No. 1), pp. 74–98.
Hauschild R. (1927), Die Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad: Eine kritische Ausgabe mit einer Übersetzung und einer Übersicht über ihre Lehren, (Abhandlungen fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes, XVII.3), Leipzig.
Huizinga J. (1980), Homo Ludens. A Study of the Play-Element in Culture, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, Boston and Henley.
Hume R. E. (trans.) (1921), The Thirteen Principal Upaniṣads, Oxford University Press, London.
Gambhirananda Swami (trans.) (2009), Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad. With the Commentary of Śaṅkarācārya, Advaita Ashrama, Kolkata.
Gonda J. (1963), The Vision of the Vedic Poets, Mouton, The Hague.
Gonda J. (1975), Vedic Literature (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas), Otto Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden.
Gonda J. (2016), Viṣṇuism and Śivaism: A Comparison, Bloombsbury Academic, London.
Graheli А (2008), “In Praise of Repetition”, International Institute for Asian Studies Newsletter, 48, р. 24.
Jacob G. A. (1963), Upanishad Vakya Kosha. A Concordance to the Principal Upanishads and Bhagavadītā, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi-Varanasi-Patna.
Kane P. V. (1941), History of Dharmaśāstra (Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law), Vol. 2, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona.
Lighthiser T. P. (2002), “Upanishads: A Contribution Towards Bibliography of Secondary Literature and Reviews”, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 30, pp. 85–101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014513826346
Limaye V. P. and Vadekar R. D. (eds) (1958), Eighteen Principal Upaniṣads, Vaidika Saṃśodhana Maṇḍala, Poona.
Müller F. M. (ed. and trans.) (1884), The Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 15: The Upanishads, Pt. II, The Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Nakamura H. (1973), Religions and Philosophies of India. A Survey with Bibliographical Notes, The Hokuseido Press, The Eastern Institute, Tokyo.
Nooten van B. A. and Holland G. B. (eds) (1994), Rig Veda: A Metrically Restored Text with an Introduction and Notes, Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London.
Oberlies T. (1988), “Die Śvetāśvatara-Upaniṣad: Eine Studie ihrer Gotteslehre”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens und Archiv für Indische Philosophie, Band 32, pp. 35–62.
Oberlies T. (1995), “Die Śvetāśvatara-Upaniṣad: Einleitung-Edition und Übersetzung von Adhyāya I”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens, Band 39, pp. 61–102.
Oberlies T. (1998), “Die Śvetāśvatara-Upaniṣad: Edition und Übersetzung von Adhyaya IV–VI” (Studien zu den ‘mittleren’ Upaniṣads II – 3. Teil)”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens, Band 42, pp. 77–138.
Olivelle P. (1993), The Āśrama System. The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
Olivelle P. (1998), The Early Upaniṣads. Annotated Text and Translation, Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
Radhakrishnan S. (1953), The Principal Upaniṣads, With Introduction, Text and Translation and Notes, George Allen and Unwin, London.
Renard P. (1995), “Historical Bibliography of Upaniṣads in Translation”, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 223–246.
Salomon R. (1986), “The Śvetāśvatara and the Nāsadīya: Vedic Citations in a Śaiva Upaniṣad”, Adyar Library Bulletin, Vol. 50, pp. 165–178.
Sanskrit Dictionaries, available at: https://michaelmeyer.fr/sanskrit (accessed October 20, 2025).
Zbavitel D. (2004), Upanišady, Přeložil Dušan Zbavitel, Dharma Gaia, Praha.
REFERENCES
Elizarenkova T. Ya. (1982), Grammatika vediyskogo yazyka, Nauka, Moscow. (In Russian).
Zavhorodnii Yu. Yu. (2024), “Shvetashvatara-upanishada 1.1-16. Pereklad iz sanskrytu, vstupna stattia ta komentari Yu. Yu. Zavhorodnoho”, Shìdnij svìt, No. 3, pp. 292–311. (In Ukrainian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/orientw2024.03.292
Andrijanić I. (2019), “Śaṅkara and the authorship of Śvetāśvataropaniṣad-Bhāṣya”, The Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 12, Issue 3, pp. 273–291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jhs/hiy014
Apte V. G. (1927), Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad. Edited With the Commentaries of Śaṃkara, Śaṃkarānanda, Nārāyaṇa, and Vijñānabhagavat, (Anandasrama Sanskrit Series, 17), Poona.
Bhagat M. G. (1976), Ancient Indian Asceticism, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi.
Bhandarkar R. G. (2001), Vaiṣṇavism, Śaivism and Minor Religious Systems, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi.
Chakraborti H. (1973), Asceticism in Ancient India in Brahmanical, Buddhist, Jaina, and Ajivika Societies: From the Earliest Times to the Period of Śaṅkarāchārya, Punthi Pustak, Calcutta.
Chemparathy G. (2007), “Some Problems in Determining the Number and the Names of the Vedic Upaniṣads”, in Karin Preisendanz (ed.), Expanding and Merging Horizons: Contributions to South Asian and Cross-Cultural Studies in Commemoration of Wilhelm Halbfass, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, pp. 587–601.
Cohen S. (1998), “The Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad Reconsidered”, Acta Orientalia, No. 59, pp. 150–178.
Cohen S. (ed.) (2018), The Upaniṣads. A Complete Guide, Routledge, London and New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315758701
Coomaraswamy A. K. (2004), The Essential, Rama P. Coomaraswamy (ed.), World Wisdom, W/c.
Dandekar R. N. (1976), “Vaiṣṇavism and Śaivism”, in Dandekar, R. N. (ed.), Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar as an Indologist: A Symposium, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, pp. 21–111.
Deussen P. (trans.) (1980), Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Part One, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi.
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