PAPAL LETTERS ON THE COLLISION BETWEEN THE CUMANS AND THE TEUTONS IN THE BEGINNING OF THE 13TH CENTURY
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Abstract
The author of this article analyzes the content of papal letters to Hungary concerning the issues of the Teutonic knights’ stay in Transylvania from 1211 to 1225. Analysis of the information contained in these letters shows that the Hungarian king Andrew II invited the Teutonic brethren in the Burzenland (located on the southeastern tip of Transylvania, in close proximity to the territory controlled by the Cumans) with the apparent aim to organize an effective defense of Transylvania against the frequent Cuman raids. Based on information from historical documents, the author concludes that the Cumans regularly invaded Transylvania precisely through the Burzenland and that these nomadic raids showed the ineffectiveness of the former defensive system of the region, thereby influencing the Andrew II’s decision to entrust the defense of Burzenland to the Teutonic Order, which possessed significant military capability. The content of papal letters evinces an obvious satisfaction of the Hungarian king in respect of the Knights’ military successes. In parallel, historical documents indicate that the collision between the brothers and Cumans (who, apparently, sought to prevent the Teutonic knights to gain a foothold in the Burzenland) adopted a more toughened character. However, the same documents ascertain the fact that the Knights gradually took control over the Burzenland. Thus, the papal letters give an insight into the evolution of the military successes of the Teutonic brethren in their struggle against the Cumans. In addition, historical documents provide valuable information about the further expansion of the Knights beyond the Carpathian Mountains after the final establishment of control over the Burzenland.
How to Cite
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Collision, Cumans, Papal Letters, Teutons
Князький И. О. Половцы в Днестровско-Карпатских землях и Нижнем Подунавье в конце XII – первых десятилетиях XIII в. // Социально-экономическая и политическая история Молдавии периода феодализма. Кишинев, 1988.
Ковач С. Экспансия западного христианства: миссия доминиканцев среди половцев (куманов) // Бюллетень (Newsletter). 12 Hungaro – Russica II. История и культура Евразийской степи. 2-й Сборник статей российских и венгерских востоковедов. Москва, 2005.
Осипян А. Л. Миграция, адаптация и интеграция кочевников в оседлом обществе: сравнительный анализ перехода кочевников к оседлому образу жизни в Галицкой Руси и Венгерском королевстве в XIII–XV вв. // Тюркские кочевники Евразии (кимаки, кипчаки, половцы...). Казань, 2013.
Шушарин В. П. Свидетельства письменных памятников королевства Венгрии об этническом составе населения Восточного Прикарпатья первой половины ХШ века // История СССР, 1978, № 2.
Adriányi G. Zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ritterorden in Siebenbürgen // Ungarn: Jahrbuch der Presseagentur Budapress. Bd. 3. Wiesbaden, 1971.
Bak J . M., Rady M. C., Veszprémy L. (eds.). Anonymus and Master Roger: The Deeds of the Hungarians & Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament upon the Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars. Budapest – New York, 2010.
Berend N. At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims, and “Pagans” in Medieval Hungary, c. 1000 – c. 1300. Cambridge, New York, 2001.
Bóna I. The Hungarian-Slav Period (895–1172) // History of Transylvania / G. Barta, B. Köpeczi et al (eds.). Budapest, 1994.
Fara A. La formazione di un’economia di frontiera. La Transilvania tra XII e XIV secolo. Napoli, 2010.
Glassl H. Der deutsche Orden im Burzenland und in Kumanien (1211–1225) // Ungarn: Jahrbuch der Presseagentur Budapress. Bd. 3. Wiesbaden, 1971.
Golden P. B. The Peoples of the Russian Forest Belt // The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia / Sinor D. (eds.). Cambridge, New York, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521243049.010
Hunyadi Z. The Teutonic Order in Burzenland (1211–1225): New Re-considerations // L’Ordine Teutonico tra Mediterraneo e Baltico. Incontri e scontri tra religioni, popoli e culture = Der Deutsche Orden zwischen Mittelmeerraum und Baltikum. Begegnungen und Konfrontationen zwischen Religionen, Volker[n] und Kulturen. Atti del Convegno internazionale (Bari – Lecce – Brindisi, 14–16 settembre 2006) / H. Houben, K. Toomaspoeg (eds.). Galatina, 2008.
Iorga N. Histoire des Roumains et de la Romanité orientale. Vol. III. Les fondateurs d’Etat. Bucarest, 1937.
Lăzărescu E. C. Notă despre documentele Ţării Bărsei şi Cavalerii Teutoni // Ţara Bârsei. Vol. VI/4. Braşov, 1934.
Lotan Sh. Between the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and Burzenland in Medieval Hungary: The Teutonic Military Order Status and Rule in the Poles of Christianity // Mirabilia: Revista Eletrônica de Antiguidade e Idade Média. Vol. 10. Barcelona, 2010.
Makkai L. The Foundation of the Hungarian State, 950–1196 // A History of Hungary / P. F. Sugar, P. Hanák, T. Frank (eds.). London, 1990.
Makkai L. The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526) // History of Transylvania / G. Barta, B. Köpeczi et al (eds.). Budapest, 1994.
Scheffer-Boichorst P. (eds.). Chronica Albrici monachi Trium Fontium, a monaco Novi Monasterii Hoiensis interpolata // Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores. Vol. XXIII. Hannover, 1874.
Spinei V. Moldavia in the 11th–14th centuries. Bucharest, 1986.
Spinei V. Les répercussions de la grande invasion mongole de 1241–1242 sur l’espace carpatodanubien reflétées surtout dans les oeuvres des chroniqueurs italiens // Südost Forschungen. Vol. 61–62. München, 2002–2003.
Spinei V. The Cuman Bishopric: Genesis and Evolution // The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans / F. Curta, R. Kovalev (eds.). Leiden – Boston, 2008.
Spinei V. The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the tenth to the mid-thirteenth century. Leiden – Boston, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004175365.i-482
Vásáry I. Cumans and Tatars. Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge, New York, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511496622
Zimmermann H. Der Deutsche Orden in Siebenbürgen: eine diplomatische Untersuchung. Köln, 2011. https://doi.org/10.7788/boehlau.9783412213589
REFERENCES
Knyaz’kiy I. O. (1988), “Polovtsy v Dnestrovsko-Karpatskikh zemlyakh i Nizhnem Podunav’ye v kontse XII – pervykh desyatiletiyakh XIII v.”, in Sotsial’no-ekonomicheskaya i politicheskaya istoriya Moldavii perioda feodalizma, Kishinev. (In Russian).
Kovach S. (2005), “Ekspansiya zapadnogo khristianstva: missiya dominikantsev sredi polovtsev (kumanov)”, in Byulleten’ (Newsletter). 12 Hungaro – Russica II. Istoriya i kul’tura Evraziyskoy stepi. 2-y Sbornik statey rossiyskikh i vengerskikh vostokovedov, Moscow. (In Russian).
Osipyan A. L. (2013), “Migratsiya, adaptatsiya i integratsiya kochevnikov v osedlom obshchestve: sravnitel’nyy analiz perekhoda kochevnikov k osedlomu obrazu zhizni v Galitskoy Rusi i Vengerskom korolevstve v XIII–XV vv.”, in Tyurkskiye kochevniki Evrazii (kimaki, kipchaki, polovtsy...), Kazan. (In Russian).
Shusharin V. P. (1978), “Svidetel’stva pis’mennykh pamyatnikov korolevstva Vengrii ob etnicheskom sostave naseleniya Vostochnogo Prikarpat’ya pervoy poloviny XIII veka”, Istoriya SSSR, No. 2. (In Russian).
Adriányi G. (1971), “Zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ritterorden in Siebenbürgen”, Ungarn: Jahrbuch der Presseagentur Budapress, Bd. 3, Wiesbaden.
Bak J. M., Rady M. C., and Veszprémy L. (Eds.) (2010), Anonymus and Master Roger: The Deeds of the Hungarians & Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament upon the Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars, Budapest and New York.
Berend N. (2001), At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims, and “Pagans” in Medieval Hungary, c. 1000 – c. 1300, Cambridge and New York.
Bóna I. (1994), “The Hungarian-Slav Period (895–1172)”, in G. Barta, B. Köpeczi et al (Eds.), History of Transylvania, Budapest.
Fara A. (2010), La formazione di un’economia di frontiera. La Transilvania tra XII e XIV secolo, Napoli.
Glassl H. (1971), “Der deutsche Orden im Burzenland und in Kumanien (1211–1225)”, Ungarn: Jahrbuch der Presseagentur Budapress, Bd. 3, Wiesbaden.
Golden P. B. (1990), “The Peoples of the Russian Forest Belt”, in Sinor D. (Ed.), The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Cambridge, New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521243049.010
Hunyadi Z. (2008), “The Teutonic Order in Burzenland (1211–1225): New Re-considerations”, in H. Houben, K. Toomaspoeg (Eds.), L’Ordine Teutonico tra Mediterraneo e Baltico. Incontri e scontri tra religioni, popoli e culture = Der Deutsche Orden zwischen Mittelmeerraum und Baltikum. Begegnungen und Konfrontationen zwischen Religionen, Volker[n] und Kulturen. Atti del Convegno internazionale (Bari – Lecce – Brindisi, 14–16 settembre 2006), Galatina.
Iorga N. (1937), Histoire des Roumains et de la Romanité orientale, Vol. III. Les fondateurs d’Etat, Bucarest.
Lăzărescu E. C. (1934), “Notă despre documentele Ţării Bărsei şi Cavalerii Teutoni”, Ţara Bârsei, Vol. VI/4, Braşov.
Lotan Sh. (2010), “Between the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and Burzenland in Medieval Hungary: The Teutonic Military Order Status and Rule in the Poles of Christianity”, in Mirabilia: Revista Eletrônica de Antiguidade e Idade Média, Vol. 10, Barcelona.
Makkai L. (1990), “The Foundation of the Hungarian State, 950–1196”, in P. F. Sugar, P. Hanák, T. Frank (Eds.), A History of Hungary, London.
Makkai L. (1994), “The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)”, in G. Barta, B. Köpeczi et al (Eds.), History of Transylvania, Budapest.
Scheffer-Boichorst P. (Ed.) (1874), “Chronica Albrici monachi Trium Fontium, a monaco Novi Monasterii Hoiensis interpolate”, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, Vol. XXIII, Hannover.
Spinei V. (1986), Moldavia in the 11th–14th centuries, Bucharest.
Spinei V. (2002–2003), “Les répercussions de la grande invasion mongole de 1241–1242 sur l’espace carpatodanubien reflétées surtout dans les oeuvres des chroniqueurs italiens”, Südost Forschungen, Vol. 61–62, München.
Spinei V. (2008), “The Cuman Bishopric: Genesis and Evolution”, in F. Curta, R. Kovalev (Eds.), The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans, Leiden and Boston.
Spinei V. (2009), The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the tenth to the mid-thirteenth century, Leiden and Boston. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004175365.i-482
Vásáry I. (2005), Cumans and Tatars. Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365, Cambridge and New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511496622
Zimmermann H. (2011), Der Deutsche Orden in Siebenbürgen: eine diplomatische Untersuchung, Köln. https://doi.org/10.7788/boehlau.9783412213589
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.