THE IDENTI FICATI ON OF THE CHINESE-ORIGIN WORDS IN THE VOCABULARY OF THE MODERN HM ONG LENG LANGUAGE IN VIETNAM
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Abstract
The history of Hmong people’s movement from the Southwest of China to the Southeast Asian nations (including Vietnam) happened around 300 years ago. By that period, the language of Hmong people had been in contact with the language of Chinese people for a long time. The contact of Hmong people in Vietnam with the language of Chinese people didn’t stop at that time, but continued because of the geographic characteristics of Hmong people’s residence and the communicating environment on the bordering areas between Vietnam and China. It is such a communication that forms the Chinese borrowing vocabulary system in the language of Hmong people. When we compare these words with the ones in Chinese dialects in terms of the synchronic aspect, we can recognize the number of Mandarin Chinese borrowing words existing popularly in the Hmong language. We call these words “the Chinese original words” (Chinese- Hmong words). In this writing, we only point out the contact context of Chinese-Hmong languages. On that basis, we have chosen the samples to survey the phonetic similarities between the Chinese original words in the Hmong language and the words in the Southwest Mandarin Chinese language (mainly in the synchronic aspect). Through it, we can recognize the outstanding marks of the Southwest Mandarin Chinese language in the vocabulary of the modern Hmong Leng language. The similarity of the phonetic system of the words in the Southwest Mandarin Chinese and the Chinese original words in the Hmong language is regular. This reveals that the Chinese original words in the Hmong Leng language in Vietnam were borrowed from the Southwest Mandarin Chinese dialects. From that, we can see the outstanding features of the Southwest Mandarin Chinese words in the vocabulary of the modern Hmong language.
How to Cite
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Chinese original words, Chinese-Hmong contact, Southwest Mandarin Chinese, the Hmong Leng language
Anderson Joshua (2004), An Autosegmental Approach to Problems in Reconstructing Old Chinese, Senior Honors Thesis, Swarthmore College.
Baxter William H. (1992), A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology, Series: Trends in Linguistics: Studies & Monographs (Book 64), De Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
Chaofen Sun (2006), Chinese: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511755019
Downer G. B. (1973), “Strata of Chinese Loanwords in the Mien Dialect of Yao”, Asia Major, Vol. 18, Part 1, pp. 1–33.
Mortensen David R. (2000), Sinitic loanwords in two Hmong dialects of Southeast Asia, Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Departmental Honors in English, Utah State University, Logan, Ut.
Nguyễn Văn Hiệu (2003), “Xem xét các từ ghép gốc Hán trong tiếng Mông Lềnh ở Việt Nam”, Tạp chí Ngôn ngữ, No. 4, pp. 69–75. (In Vietnamese).
Nguyễn Văn Lợi (1971), “Một số nét về tiếng Mèo ở Việt Nam”, in Trong “Tìm hiểu ngôn ngữ các dân tộc thiểu số ở Việt Nam”, Viện Ngôn ngữ học, Hanoi, pp. 139–171. (In Vietnamese).
Nguyễn Văn Lợi (1993), “Lịch sử tộc người các dân tộc Mèo-Dao qua cứ liệu ngôn ngữ”, Tạp chí Ngôn ngữ, No. 4, pp. 25–41. (In Vietnamese).
Quincy Keith (1995), Hmong, History of a People, 2nd edition, Eastern Washington University.
Ratliff Martha (1992), Meaningful Tone: A Study of Tonal Morphology in Compounds, Form Classes, and Expressive Phrases in White Hmong, Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies.
Sagart Laurent (1995), “Chinese ‘Buy’ and ‘Sell’ and the Direction of Borrowings Between Chinese and Hmong-Mien: Response to Haudricourt and Strecker”, T’oung Pao, Vol. 81, Fasc. 4/5, pp. 328–42.
Savina F. M (1930), Histoire des Meo, 2nd ed., Hong Kong.
Wang Fushi & Zong Wumao (1995), Miáoyáo Guyin de Gouni, Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe, Beijing. (In Chinese).
Wenzi Gaige Chubanshe (1982), Hanyu Fangyan Gaiyao, Beijing. (In Chinese).
Wu Xin Fu and Long Bo A (1992), Miao Zu Shi, Sichuanminzuchubanshe. (In Chinese).
Ying Lin (1972), “Chinese loanwords in Miao”, in Herbert C. and Purnell Jr. (Eds.), Miao and Yao Linguistic Studies: Selected Articles in Chinese, Cornell University Southeast Asia Program, Department of Asian Studies, Ithaca, NY, pp. 55–81.
REFERENCES
Anderson Joshua (2004), An Autosegmental Approach to Problems in Reconstructing Old Chinese, Senior Honors Thesis, Swarthmore College.
Baxter William H. (1992), A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology, Series: Trends in Linguistics: Studies & Monographs (Book 64), De Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
Chaofen Sun (2006), Chinese: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511755019
Downer G. B. (1973), “Strata of Chinese Loanwords in the Mien Dialect of Yao”, Asia Major, Vol. 18, Part 1, pp. 1–33.
Mortensen David R. (2000), Sinitic loanwords in two Hmong dialects of Southeast Asia, Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Departmental Honors in English, Utah State University, Logan, Ut.
Nguyễn Văn Hiệu (2003), “Xem xét các từ ghép gốc Hán trong tiếng Mông Lềnh ở Việt Nam”, Tạp chí Ngôn ngữ, No. 4, pp. 69–75. (In Vietnamese).
Nguyễn Văn Lợi (1971), “Một số nét về tiếng Mèo ở Việt Nam”, in Trong “Tìm hiểu ngôn ngữ các dân tộc thiểu số ở Việt Nam”, Viện Ngôn ngữ học, Hanoi, pp. 139–171. (In Vietnamese).
Nguyễn Văn Lợi (1993), “Lịch sử tộc người các dân tộc Mèo-Dao qua cứ liệu ngôn ngữ”, Tạp chí Ngôn ngữ, No. 4, pp. 25–41. (In Vietnamese).
Quincy Keith (1995), Hmong, History of a People, 2nd edition, Eastern Washington University.
Ratliff Martha (1992), Meaningful Tone: A Study of Tonal Morphology in Compounds, Form Classes, and Expressive Phrases in White Hmong, Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies.
Sagart Laurent (1995), “Chinese ‘Buy’ and ‘Sell’ and the Direction of Borrowings Between Chinese and Hmong-Mien: Response to Haudricourt and Strecker”, T’oung Pao, Vol. 81, Fasc. 4/5, pp. 328–42.
Savina F. M (1930), Histoire des Meo, 2nd ed., Hong Kong.
Wang Fushi & Zong Wumao (1995), Miáoyáo Guyin de Gouni, Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe, Beijing. (In Chinese).
Wenzi Gaige Chubanshe (1982), Hanyu Fangyan Gaiyao, Beijing. (In Chinese).
Wu Xin Fu and Long Bo A (1992), Miao Zu Shi, Sichuanminzuchubanshe. (In Chinese).
Ying Lin (1972), “Chinese loanwords in Miao”, in Herbert C. and Purnell Jr. (Eds.), Miao and Yao Linguistic Studies: Selected Articles in Chinese, Cornell University Southeast Asia Program, Department of Asian Studies, Ithaca, NY, pp. 55–81.
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