THE DEVELOPMENTOF JEWISH AUTONOMISM THEORY IN THE CONDITIONS OF UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION AND POLITICAL REALITIES OF THE PRE-WAR UKRAINIAN SSR
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Abstract
The article pays special attention to the analysis of Jewish ethnopolitical creativity in the period of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, and to the dynamics in forming ethnocultural and administrative institutes of Ukrainian Jewry, in the period of the early Soviet development of Ukrainian SSR. The study uses unpublished materials from the Central State Archive of Public Associations of Ukraine. The author analyses the history of interaction between the representatives of Jewish political parties, as well as territorial and religious communities, and central governmental bodies of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. Especially important is the cooperation of Jewish parties with the General Secretariat that resulted particularly in the creation of the special vice-secretariat for Jewish affairs. The Autonomist project for the solution of the Jewish question suggested: possibility of convocation of Jewish national assembly (such assemblies had to become the basis for the future autonomy); the prospect of learning in the language of the national minority (in this case, Yiddish); achievement of all rights and freedoms that are natural for a democratic developmental state.
The author emphasizes that in the early Soviet period, Jewish sections (Yevsektsii) of Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine, in a certain sense, “took the baton” of cultural and national autonomist tasks. Following the autonomist practice of the Bund, they focused on creating educational programs, now implemented at the forefront of the Jewish youth communistic education. As a result, the Jewish sections supervised virtually all publications in Yiddish, and Jewish cultural and national communities. In addition to educational and cultural tasks, Jewish sections worked to support victims of the pogroms, to reduce the outflow of the Jewish population abroad, and were responsible for the introduction of Yiddish in the courts and local councils of Ukraine. And at the same time, with their participation, the synagogues were closed, social activities of traditional Jewish communities were curtailed. In 1926 the notorious “nationalist bias” caused the final curtailment of not only Jewish Autonomist project but the Jewish sections themselves that were transformed into the Jewish Bureau, and then completely eliminated in 1930. The author comes to the conclusion that in this way, the state tried to protect itself from any political influence of national actors whose institutions were purposefully transferred from the format of Soviet authorities to cultural organizations, or structures that controlled only the religious life of Jewish community. The final liquidation of Jewish sections and political control of the corresponding Soviet bodies, the increasingly tightened centralization of the Soviet administrative system made the cultural and national identification of Ukrainian Jewry forbidden for many years.
How to Cite
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Bund, Jews, Jewish sections (Yevsektsii), cultural and national autonomy, national identity, Soviet administrative system, Ukrainian People’s Republic, Ukrainian SSR
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