Урок Іммануїла Канта про Китай: географія епохи Просвітництва, орієнталізм, культурна дистанція та Порцелянова вежа

Abstract

This paper thoroughly investigates all references to China and the Chinese in Immanuel Kant’s extensive body of work, as well as in the numerous manuscript notes from his university lectures over 41 years at the University of Königsberg, known as the Albertinum. This span of academic service lasted from the winter semester of 1755–1756 until his final lecture on July 23, 1796. The analysis reveals that, aside from a few minor titles, Kant exhibited little interest in studying Chinese civilization, let alone traditional Chinese philosophy in his major critical works. Most references to China appear in the various manuscript versions of his lectures, typically as brief examples rather than meaningful conceptualizations of China’s cultural and philosophical legacies. In some instances, these examples occur within Orientalist reflections, where Chinese cases are mingled with Indian examples, reflecting the geographical and cultural perceptions of the Orient that were still prevalent in the 18^th century. In other cases, references to Chinese examples emphasize extreme exoticism, cultural backwardness, racialization and ethnocentrism, or social, intellectual, and scientific stagnation. This perspective contributed to a prevailing view among 19th-century European intellectuals that while China had once been a brilliant civilization, it had subsequently stagnated and was incapable of progress.

Notably, Kant taught a course on Physical Geography for more than forty years, beginning in the summer semester of 1756 during his second term as a lecturer at the university. Apart from his Logic classes, which he taught 56 times, and his Metaphysics lectures, delivered 53 times consecutively, the Physical Geography course was the third subject he significantly engaged with, yielding 49-semester lectures until his retirement in mid-July 1796. Currently, 32 known manuscripts of students’ notes reflect the academic curiosity surrounding this field, which in the 18^th century was far more cosmopolitan and expansive than today’s academic Geography. Due to declining health, Kant sought to promote an authorized edition of his Physical Geography teachings with the help of his friend, Friedrich Theodor Rink (1770–1811). Kant provided Rink with a manuscript intended as a “dictation text” from his early teachings, created before 1760 but not fully updated. Consequently, Rink’s edition incorporated his updates, notes, and significant alterations. It also drew from other manuscript lecture notes from Kant’s classes in the 1770s, including portions of the original dictation text provided to the young aristocrat Friedrich von Holstein-Beck, who had paid for private lessons in 1772/73. The final product was published in 1802 in Königsberg under the title Immanuel Kant’s Physical Geography, edited at the author’s request from his manuscript and partly revised by Dr. Friedrich Theodor Rink (“Immanuel Kant’s Physische Geographie auf verlangen des Verfassers aus seiner Handschrift herausgegeben und zum Teil bearbeitet von Dr. Friedrich Theodor Rink”). The section presenting Kant’s lecture on China (pp. 129–140) is the third and final part of the second volume of the 1802 edition, titled “Summary Consideration of the Most Important Peculiarities of Nature in All Countries in Geographical Order”. This text closely aligns, often verbatim, with various available handwritten manuscript notes, indicating a consistent presentation of Kant’s recurring class on China. These teachings mark the beginning of the final section of this book, commencing with Asia as the “first continent”, followed by explorations of Africa, Europe, and America. In concrete terms, the lesson on China comprises just over 2,000 words in the original German printed edition. Therefore, if read aloud or dictated at a moderate pace, it would likely take approximately 20 to 30 minutes, suggesting that it served as the opening segment of Kant’s typical two-hour Physical Geography class, generally held every Wednesday and Saturday from 8:00 to 10:00 AM.

This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of Kant’s lecture on China, articulating a distinct cultural distance concept. It reveals Kant’s lack of engagement with Chinese civilization and philosophy, including Confucian thought, which Jesuit writings had popularized throughout 17th-century intellectual Europe. These writings had garnered favorable impressions from leading German philosophers such as Leibniz and Christian Wolff. In stark contrast, Kant exhibited no correspondence with or inclination toward the Jesuit accommodationist missionary framework that praised the Chinese imperial authority and the philosophies attributed to Confucius. In his lecture on China, Kant did not cite any Jesuit texts, prompting this study to investigate the primary sources that influenced Kant’s teachings rigorously. In particular, the examination draws on the notable work of German theologian Paul Ludolfo Berckenmeyer (1667–1732), titled Curiöse Beschreibung, Der außerleßnesten Merkwürdigkeiten, So in denen dreven Welt-Theilen Asia, Africa und America zu finden (“Curious Description of the Most Extraordinary Oddities to Be Found in the Three Parts of the World: Asia, Africa, and America”), published in Augsburg in 1721. Kant’s examples and lessons regarding China ultimately illustrate that between 1750 and 1770, when the Society of Jesus was disbanded by the Holy See and expelled from various European nations, a significant intellectual shift concerning Chinese civilization and society was already underway in Europe. Fueled by new geographical texts and travel narratives, there developed a tendency to perceive China with a fresh skepticism, highlighting its considerable cultural distance from European intellectual traditions and philosophy. Kant emerges as a pivotal figure symbolizing this turn.