Relations between Russia and China after February 2022: Common Interest but Different Values and Visions
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Abstract
The evolving relationship between Russia and China, especially after Russia’s large-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, has stirred global concern. This study challenges the idea of a “no-limits friendship” between the two nations, highlighting their lack of mutual trust and shared visions. Using a Constructivist theory of International Relations, it examines Moscow and Beijing’s divergent perspectives on partnership and explores the complexities of their interactions. Through content analysis of various sources, such as official documents and expert assessments, the study reveals a nuanced understanding of their collaboration.
Russia views its partnership with China as a means to enhance its global influence but faces difficulty in articulating a clear vision for the future world order it aims to shape. China sees Russia as a strategic partner to counterbalance the US. However, historical tensions and differing global aspirations force China to approach this partnership with caution.
Despite official declarations of harmony, present-day realities differ. For instance, Russia is not officially a part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and differences in infrastructure projects underscore ongoing tensions. Russia’s gas plans for China (Power of Siberia 1 and the potential Power of Siberia 2 pipeline) expose mutual dependencies and uncertainties. Central Asia emerges as a sensitive area, with China gaining ground as Russia’s influence wanes. The First China-Central Asia summit in 2022, which excluded Russia, underscores these shifting power dynamics. Other focal points, including joint ventures such as the CR929 aircraft programme, display disagreements. Russia’s withdrawal due to differing approaches to international suppliers highlights the discord between its present focus and China’s forward-looking perspective. While Russia grapples with immediate challenges, China prioritizes long-term strategies for stability and influence, showcasing a critical divergence in their approaches and priorities. Merely countering the US cannot reconcile these fundamental differences.
How to Cite
Mykal, O. (2024). Relations between Russia and China after February 2022: Common Interest but Different Values and Visions. The World of the Orient, (4 (125), 106-118. https://doi.org/10.15407/orientw2024.04.106
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Keywords
Russia; China; common interest; different visions; mutual trust; Russia-China relations; US
References
Ahlgren L. (2022), “Speaking From Experience: Russia Says No To Third-Party Components For The CR929”, in Simple Flying, December 28, available at: https://simpleflying.com/experience-russia-no-third-party-components-cr929/ (accessed October 23, 2023).
Aizhu C and Gurt M. (2023), “China prioritising Turkmenistan over Russia in next big pipeline project”, Reuters, May 24, available at: https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/china-prioritising-turkmenistan-over-russia-next-big-pipeline-project-2023-05-24/ (accessed October 23, 2023).
Altynbayev K. (2023), “Podvin’sya, Rossiya: Pekin otkryto vtorgayetsya v Srednyuyu Aziyu”, Caravanserai, May 29, available at: https://central.asia-news.com/ru/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2023/05/29/feature-01 (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
Bagchi I. (2018), “China and Russia are quasi allies… On strategic affairs Russia and India have serious conversations only at top level”, Times of India, February 27, available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Globespotting/china-and-russia-are-quasi-allies-on-strategic-affairs-russia-and-india-have-serious-conversations-only-at-top-level/ (accessed October 24, 2023).
Chernyshova Y. (2023), “Sobyanin zayavil ob ekonomicheskoy voyne s vostochnymi stranami”, RBC, September 28, available at: https://www.rbc.ru/economics/28/09/2023/651555689a79471cf509e712 (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
“Chinese envoy to France’s remarks on ex-Soviet states provoke outrage in Europe” (2023), Le Monde, April 22, available at: https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/04/24/chinese-ambassador-s-remarks-on-crimea-provoke-outrage-in-europe_6024027_4.html# (accessed October 23, 2023).
des Garets Geddes T. (2023), “The Art of Tasseography: China–Russia Relations as Viewed from China”, in Royal United Service Institute, May 30, available at: https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/art-tasseography-china-russia-relations-viewed-china (accessed October 23, 2023).
Feng Yujun (2017), “Pochemu rossiyskaya diplomatiya postoyanno nabirayet oboroty?”, INOSMI, February, available at: https://inosmi.ru/20170220/238752929.html (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
Gopinath Gita (2024), “Geopolitics and its Impact on Global Trade and the Dollar”, in International Monetary Fund, May 7, available at: https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2024/05/07/sp-geopolitics-impact-global-trade-and-dollar-gita-gopinath (accessed June 14, 2024).
“Kitayskiye ministry i top-menedzhery otkazalis’ vstrechat’sya s Mish•chstinym iz-za sanktsiy” (2023), The Moscow Times, May 24, available at: https://mscwtimes0x1.global.ssl.fastly.net/2023/05/24/kitaiskie-ministri-i-top-menedzheri-otkazalis-vstrechatsya-s-mishustinim-iz-za-sanktsii-a43925 (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
Lubina M. (2017), Russia and China: A political marriage of convenience – stable and successful, 1st ed., Verlag Barbara Budrich. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvdf0314
Liu Y. (2018), “Strategic partnership or alliance? Sino-Russian relations from a constructivist perspective”, Asian Perspective, Special Issue on Russia in the Asia Pacific, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 333–354.
Liu Y. (2021), “Strategic partnership or alliance? Sino-Russian relations from a constructivist perspective”, in G. Christoffersen (ed.), Russia in the Indo-Pacific, Routledge, pp. 24–48.
Makocki M. and Popescu N. (2016), “China and Russia: an Eastern partnership in the making?”, Chaillot Papers, [online], Vol. 140, p. 31, available at: https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/CP_140_Russia_China.pdf (accessed October 23, 2023).
Milkin V. (2023), “Rossiya prokachala po ‘Sile Sibiri’ v Kitay v 2022 godu rekordnyy ob”yem gaza”, Vedomosti, January 16, available at: https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2023/01/16/959224-rossiya-prokachala (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (2021), “O kitayskoy initsiative ‘Odin poyas, odin put’ ’ ”, July 02, available at: https://www.mid.ru/ru/activity/coordinating_and_advisory_body/head_of_subjects_council/materialy-o-vypolnenii-rekomendacij-zasedanij-sgs/xxxvi-zasedanie-sgs/1767163/ (accessed June 26, 2024). (In Russian).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People’s Republic of China (2023a), “China’s Position on the Political Settlement of the Ukraine Crisis”, February 24, available at: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/202302/t20230224_11030713.html (accessed October 23, 2023).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People’s Republic of China (2023b), “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Mao Ning’s Regular Press Conference on April 24, 2023”, available at: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/202304/t20230424_11064804.html (accessed October 23, 2023).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People’s Republic of China (2023c), “President Xi Jinping Chairs the Inaugural China-Central Asia Summit and Delivers a Keynote Speech, May 19”, available at: https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/zxxx_662805/202305/t20230519_11080116.html (accessed October 23, 2023).
Nelyubin N. (2023), “ ‘Kitay zavisit ot Rossii znachitel’no bol’she, chem kogda-to Zapad’ – kitayeved Aleksey Maslov”, in MASHNEWS, January 30, available at: https://mashnews.ru/kitaj-zavisit-ot-rossii-znachitelno-bolshe-chem-kogda-to-zapad-kitaeved-aleksej-maslov.html (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
Piechowski A. (2024), “Widening Inequality Between Russia and China on Display at SCO Summit”, The Diplomat, July 10, available at: https://thediplomat.com/2024/07/widening-inequality-between-russia-and-china-on-display-at-sco-summit/ (accessed August 15, 2024).
Poloskova T. (2023), “Rossiya i KNR: komu v ‘bol’shoy igre’ nachal podygryvat’ Kitay?”, in Eurasia Daily (EADaily), August 07, available at: https://eadaily.com/ru/news/2023/08/07/rossiya-i-knr-komu-v-bolshoy-igre-nachal-podygryvat-kitay (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
“Pomenyat’ zavisimost’ ot Evropy na zavisimost’ ot Kitaya – eto tot vybor, kotoryy Putin sdelal sam” (2023), RFI (Radio France Internationale), March 22, available at: https://www.rfi.fr/ru/ (accessed October 20, 2023). (In Russian).
Putin V. (2015), “Poslaniye Prezidenta Federal’nomu Sobraniyu”, The Kremlin, December 3, available at: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/50864 (accessed May 24, 2024). (In Russian).
Putin V. (2023), “Article for People’s Daily Newspaper, Russia and China: A Future-Bound Partnership”, The Kremlin, March 19, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/70743 (accessed October 24, 2023).
“ ‘Rastut opaseniya’ na fone sopernichestva Kitaya i Rossii za vliyaniye v Tsentral’noy Azii” (2023), Caravanserai, May 16, available at: https://central.asia-news.com/ru/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2023/05/16/feature-01 (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
“Rossiya, Kitay ili Zapad? Tsentral’naya Aziya prevratilas’ v glavnyy poligon geopoliticheskogo sopernichestva?” (2023), Radio Ozodi, March 31, available at: https://rus.ozodi.org/a/32343427.html (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
Stronski P. and Ng N. (2018), “Cooperation and Competition: Russia and China in Central Asia, the Russian Far East, and the Arctic”, in Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, p. 33, available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/02/28/cooperation-and-competition-russia-and-china-in-central-asia-russian-far-east-and-arctic-pub-75673 (accessed October 23, 2023).
Sun Y. (2022), “China’s Strategic Assessment of Russia: More Complicated than You Think”, in War on the Rocks, March 04, available at: https://warontherocks.com/2022/03/chinas-strategic-assessment-of-russia-more-complicated-than-you-think/ (accessed October 23, 2023).
The Kremlin (2007), “Speech and the Following Discussion at the Munich Conference on Security Policy”, February 10, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24034 (accessed October 23, 2023).
The Kremlin (2022), “Sovmestnoye zayavleniye Rossiyskoy Federatsii i Kitayskoy Narodnoy Respubliki o mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniyakh, vstupayushchikh v novuyu epokhu, i global’nom ustoychivom razvitii”, February 4, available at: http://www.kremlin.ru/supplement/5770 (accessed October 24, 2023). (In Russian).
The Kremlin (2023a), “Sovmestnoye zayavleniye Rossiyskoy Federatsii i Kitayskoy Narodnoy Respubliki ob uglublenii otnosheniy vseob”yemlyushchego partnerstva i strategicheskogo vzaimodeystviya, vstupayushchikh v novuyu epokhu”, March 21, available at: http://kremlin.ru/supplement/5920 (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
The Kremlin (2023b), “Press statements by President of Russia and President of China”, March 21, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/countries/CN/events/70750 (accessed October 23, 2023).
The Kremlin (2024), “Zayavleniya dlya pressy po itogam rossiysko-kitayskikh peregovorov”, May 16, available at: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/74049 (accessed May 20, 2024). (In Russian).
The State Council of People’s Republic of China (2023), “Xi, Putin agree to deepen comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for new era”, March 22, available at: https://english.www.gov.cn/news/topnews/202303/22/content_WS641a5bd5c6d0f528699db7c2.html (accessed May 20, 2024).
US Department of Defense (2023), “Annual Report to Congress ‘Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2023’ ”, p. 12, available at: https://media.defense.gov/2023/Oct/19/2003323409/-1/-1/1/2023-MILITARY-AND-SECURITY-DEVELOPMENTS-INVOLVING-THE-PEOPLES-REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA.PDF (accessed October 23, 2023).
Wendt A. (1999), Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge University Press.
Wong C. (2023), “China wielding ‘bargaining power’ with Russia over Power of Siberia 2 natural gas pipeline”, South China Morning Post, November 23, available at: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3242807/china-russia-cooperation-arctic-double-edged-sword-beijing (accessed October 23, 2023).
Wu S. (2023), “Russia Pulls Out Of The CR929 Widebody Program”, in Simple Flying, August 23, available at: https://simpleflying.com/russia-pulls-out-of-the-cr929-widebody-program/ (accessed October 23, 2023).
Xi J. (2023), “Forging Ahead to Open a New Chapter of China-Russia Friendship, Cooperation and Common Development,” in Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People’s Republic of China, March 20, available at: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/202303/t20230320_11044359.html (accessed October 23, 2023).
Zhao T. (2023), “To Be or To Become a Chinese, That Is a Question”, The China Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 13–29.
Zhil’tsov S. (2023), “Novyy vitok geopoliticheskogo sopernichestva v Tsentral’noy Azii: Kitay gotov borot’sya za lidiruyushchiye pozitsii v regione”, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, May 28, available at: https://www.ng.ru/dipkurer/2023-05-28/11_8734_asia.html (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
Aizhu C and Gurt M. (2023), “China prioritising Turkmenistan over Russia in next big pipeline project”, Reuters, May 24, available at: https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/china-prioritising-turkmenistan-over-russia-next-big-pipeline-project-2023-05-24/ (accessed October 23, 2023).
Altynbayev K. (2023), “Podvin’sya, Rossiya: Pekin otkryto vtorgayetsya v Srednyuyu Aziyu”, Caravanserai, May 29, available at: https://central.asia-news.com/ru/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2023/05/29/feature-01 (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
Bagchi I. (2018), “China and Russia are quasi allies… On strategic affairs Russia and India have serious conversations only at top level”, Times of India, February 27, available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Globespotting/china-and-russia-are-quasi-allies-on-strategic-affairs-russia-and-india-have-serious-conversations-only-at-top-level/ (accessed October 24, 2023).
Chernyshova Y. (2023), “Sobyanin zayavil ob ekonomicheskoy voyne s vostochnymi stranami”, RBC, September 28, available at: https://www.rbc.ru/economics/28/09/2023/651555689a79471cf509e712 (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
“Chinese envoy to France’s remarks on ex-Soviet states provoke outrage in Europe” (2023), Le Monde, April 22, available at: https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/04/24/chinese-ambassador-s-remarks-on-crimea-provoke-outrage-in-europe_6024027_4.html# (accessed October 23, 2023).
des Garets Geddes T. (2023), “The Art of Tasseography: China–Russia Relations as Viewed from China”, in Royal United Service Institute, May 30, available at: https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/art-tasseography-china-russia-relations-viewed-china (accessed October 23, 2023).
Feng Yujun (2017), “Pochemu rossiyskaya diplomatiya postoyanno nabirayet oboroty?”, INOSMI, February, available at: https://inosmi.ru/20170220/238752929.html (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
Gopinath Gita (2024), “Geopolitics and its Impact on Global Trade and the Dollar”, in International Monetary Fund, May 7, available at: https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2024/05/07/sp-geopolitics-impact-global-trade-and-dollar-gita-gopinath (accessed June 14, 2024).
“Kitayskiye ministry i top-menedzhery otkazalis’ vstrechat’sya s Mish•chstinym iz-za sanktsiy” (2023), The Moscow Times, May 24, available at: https://mscwtimes0x1.global.ssl.fastly.net/2023/05/24/kitaiskie-ministri-i-top-menedzheri-otkazalis-vstrechatsya-s-mishustinim-iz-za-sanktsii-a43925 (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
Lubina M. (2017), Russia and China: A political marriage of convenience – stable and successful, 1st ed., Verlag Barbara Budrich. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvdf0314
Liu Y. (2018), “Strategic partnership or alliance? Sino-Russian relations from a constructivist perspective”, Asian Perspective, Special Issue on Russia in the Asia Pacific, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 333–354.
Liu Y. (2021), “Strategic partnership or alliance? Sino-Russian relations from a constructivist perspective”, in G. Christoffersen (ed.), Russia in the Indo-Pacific, Routledge, pp. 24–48.
Makocki M. and Popescu N. (2016), “China and Russia: an Eastern partnership in the making?”, Chaillot Papers, [online], Vol. 140, p. 31, available at: https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/CP_140_Russia_China.pdf (accessed October 23, 2023).
Milkin V. (2023), “Rossiya prokachala po ‘Sile Sibiri’ v Kitay v 2022 godu rekordnyy ob”yem gaza”, Vedomosti, January 16, available at: https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2023/01/16/959224-rossiya-prokachala (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (2021), “O kitayskoy initsiative ‘Odin poyas, odin put’ ’ ”, July 02, available at: https://www.mid.ru/ru/activity/coordinating_and_advisory_body/head_of_subjects_council/materialy-o-vypolnenii-rekomendacij-zasedanij-sgs/xxxvi-zasedanie-sgs/1767163/ (accessed June 26, 2024). (In Russian).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People’s Republic of China (2023a), “China’s Position on the Political Settlement of the Ukraine Crisis”, February 24, available at: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/202302/t20230224_11030713.html (accessed October 23, 2023).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People’s Republic of China (2023b), “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Mao Ning’s Regular Press Conference on April 24, 2023”, available at: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/202304/t20230424_11064804.html (accessed October 23, 2023).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People’s Republic of China (2023c), “President Xi Jinping Chairs the Inaugural China-Central Asia Summit and Delivers a Keynote Speech, May 19”, available at: https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/zxxx_662805/202305/t20230519_11080116.html (accessed October 23, 2023).
Nelyubin N. (2023), “ ‘Kitay zavisit ot Rossii znachitel’no bol’she, chem kogda-to Zapad’ – kitayeved Aleksey Maslov”, in MASHNEWS, January 30, available at: https://mashnews.ru/kitaj-zavisit-ot-rossii-znachitelno-bolshe-chem-kogda-to-zapad-kitaeved-aleksej-maslov.html (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
Piechowski A. (2024), “Widening Inequality Between Russia and China on Display at SCO Summit”, The Diplomat, July 10, available at: https://thediplomat.com/2024/07/widening-inequality-between-russia-and-china-on-display-at-sco-summit/ (accessed August 15, 2024).
Poloskova T. (2023), “Rossiya i KNR: komu v ‘bol’shoy igre’ nachal podygryvat’ Kitay?”, in Eurasia Daily (EADaily), August 07, available at: https://eadaily.com/ru/news/2023/08/07/rossiya-i-knr-komu-v-bolshoy-igre-nachal-podygryvat-kitay (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
“Pomenyat’ zavisimost’ ot Evropy na zavisimost’ ot Kitaya – eto tot vybor, kotoryy Putin sdelal sam” (2023), RFI (Radio France Internationale), March 22, available at: https://www.rfi.fr/ru/ (accessed October 20, 2023). (In Russian).
Putin V. (2015), “Poslaniye Prezidenta Federal’nomu Sobraniyu”, The Kremlin, December 3, available at: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/50864 (accessed May 24, 2024). (In Russian).
Putin V. (2023), “Article for People’s Daily Newspaper, Russia and China: A Future-Bound Partnership”, The Kremlin, March 19, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/70743 (accessed October 24, 2023).
“ ‘Rastut opaseniya’ na fone sopernichestva Kitaya i Rossii za vliyaniye v Tsentral’noy Azii” (2023), Caravanserai, May 16, available at: https://central.asia-news.com/ru/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2023/05/16/feature-01 (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
“Rossiya, Kitay ili Zapad? Tsentral’naya Aziya prevratilas’ v glavnyy poligon geopoliticheskogo sopernichestva?” (2023), Radio Ozodi, March 31, available at: https://rus.ozodi.org/a/32343427.html (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
Stronski P. and Ng N. (2018), “Cooperation and Competition: Russia and China in Central Asia, the Russian Far East, and the Arctic”, in Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, p. 33, available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/02/28/cooperation-and-competition-russia-and-china-in-central-asia-russian-far-east-and-arctic-pub-75673 (accessed October 23, 2023).
Sun Y. (2022), “China’s Strategic Assessment of Russia: More Complicated than You Think”, in War on the Rocks, March 04, available at: https://warontherocks.com/2022/03/chinas-strategic-assessment-of-russia-more-complicated-than-you-think/ (accessed October 23, 2023).
The Kremlin (2007), “Speech and the Following Discussion at the Munich Conference on Security Policy”, February 10, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24034 (accessed October 23, 2023).
The Kremlin (2022), “Sovmestnoye zayavleniye Rossiyskoy Federatsii i Kitayskoy Narodnoy Respubliki o mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniyakh, vstupayushchikh v novuyu epokhu, i global’nom ustoychivom razvitii”, February 4, available at: http://www.kremlin.ru/supplement/5770 (accessed October 24, 2023). (In Russian).
The Kremlin (2023a), “Sovmestnoye zayavleniye Rossiyskoy Federatsii i Kitayskoy Narodnoy Respubliki ob uglublenii otnosheniy vseob”yemlyushchego partnerstva i strategicheskogo vzaimodeystviya, vstupayushchikh v novuyu epokhu”, March 21, available at: http://kremlin.ru/supplement/5920 (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
The Kremlin (2023b), “Press statements by President of Russia and President of China”, March 21, available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/countries/CN/events/70750 (accessed October 23, 2023).
The Kremlin (2024), “Zayavleniya dlya pressy po itogam rossiysko-kitayskikh peregovorov”, May 16, available at: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/74049 (accessed May 20, 2024). (In Russian).
The State Council of People’s Republic of China (2023), “Xi, Putin agree to deepen comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for new era”, March 22, available at: https://english.www.gov.cn/news/topnews/202303/22/content_WS641a5bd5c6d0f528699db7c2.html (accessed May 20, 2024).
US Department of Defense (2023), “Annual Report to Congress ‘Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2023’ ”, p. 12, available at: https://media.defense.gov/2023/Oct/19/2003323409/-1/-1/1/2023-MILITARY-AND-SECURITY-DEVELOPMENTS-INVOLVING-THE-PEOPLES-REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA.PDF (accessed October 23, 2023).
Wendt A. (1999), Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge University Press.
Wong C. (2023), “China wielding ‘bargaining power’ with Russia over Power of Siberia 2 natural gas pipeline”, South China Morning Post, November 23, available at: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3242807/china-russia-cooperation-arctic-double-edged-sword-beijing (accessed October 23, 2023).
Wu S. (2023), “Russia Pulls Out Of The CR929 Widebody Program”, in Simple Flying, August 23, available at: https://simpleflying.com/russia-pulls-out-of-the-cr929-widebody-program/ (accessed October 23, 2023).
Xi J. (2023), “Forging Ahead to Open a New Chapter of China-Russia Friendship, Cooperation and Common Development,” in Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People’s Republic of China, March 20, available at: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/202303/t20230320_11044359.html (accessed October 23, 2023).
Zhao T. (2023), “To Be or To Become a Chinese, That Is a Question”, The China Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 13–29.
Zhil’tsov S. (2023), “Novyy vitok geopoliticheskogo sopernichestva v Tsentral’noy Azii: Kitay gotov borot’sya za lidiruyushchiye pozitsii v regione”, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, May 28, available at: https://www.ng.ru/dipkurer/2023-05-28/11_8734_asia.html (accessed October 23, 2023). (In Russian).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.