SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE CHINESE IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES AND TO AUSTRALIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
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Abstract
In the second half of the 19th century due to many reasons including socioeconomic chaos in China, the circumstance in the United States and Australia, and the great progress of maritime transportation, Chinese emigration increased rapidly. Among many countries at that time, the immigration pattern of the Chinese to the United States and to Australia shared many similarities such as: during their immigration, the Chinese had to encounter resistance from both governments and citizens. Despite this discrimination they contributed to the economic development of the two countries. In contrast they adversely influenced the socioeconomic circumstance of the two countries because of their trading and using opium.
How to Cite
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Australia, Chinese Immigration, United States
Ahmad, Diana L. The Opium Debate and Chinese Exclusion Laws in the Nineteenth Century American West. Reno, 2007.
Ali, Bessie Ng Kumlin. Chinese in Fiji. Suva, Fiji, 2002.
Brook, Timothy and Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi. Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839–1952. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2000.
Cassel, Susie Lan. The Chinese in America: A History from Golden Mountain to the New Millennium. Walnut Creek, CA, 2002.
Chan, Sucheng. This Bittersweet Soil (The Chinese in California Agriculture, 1860–1910). Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1989.
Chen, Yong. Chinese San Francisco 1850–1943: A Trans-Pacific Community. Stanford, 2000.
Cheng, Lucie and Edna Bonacich. Labor Immigration under Capitalism: Asian Workers in the United States before World War II. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1984.
Coghlan, T. A. Labour and Industry in Australia from the First Settlement in 1788 to the Establishment of the Commonwealth in 1901. Vol. 3. New York, 2011.
Courtwright, David T. Dark Paradise – A History of Opiate Addiction in America. Cambridge, 2001.
Dickens, Charles. Household Words – A Weekly Journal. Vol. XVII (from December 19th, 1857 to June 12th, 1858). London, 1858.
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Jupp, James. The Australia People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins. Cambridge, 2001.
Laurie, Clayton D. and Cole, Ronald H. The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders 1877–1945. Washington D.C., 1997.
Lawrence, Susan and Peter Davies. An Archaeology of Australia since 1788. New York, 2010.
Marks, Lara and Michael Worboys. Migrants, Minorities and Health: Historical and Contemporary Studies. London, 1997.
McCain, Charles J. The Search of Equality: The Chinese Struggle against Discrimination in Nineteenth Century America. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1994.
Ownby, David and Heidhues, Mary F. Somers. “Secret Societies” Reconsidered: Perspectives on the Social History of Modern South China and Southeast Asia. New York, 1993.
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Stonham, John. Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia. No. 18. Melbourne, 1925.
Tan, Che Beng. Chinese Transnational Network. London and New York, 2007.
Vrachnas, John, Mirko Bagaric, Athula Pathinayake, and Penny Dimopoulos. Migration and Refugee Law: Principles and Practice in Australia. 3rd Edition. New York, 2012.
Wang, Sing-Wu. The Organization of Chinese Emigration, 1848–1888, with Special Reference to Chinese Emigration to Australia. San Francisco, 1978.
Yong, C. F. The New Gold Mountain: the Chinese in Australia. Richmond SA, 1977.
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