LIKUD: A BALANCE BETWEEN IDEOLOGY AND RELIGION. THE FIRST TIME IN THE GOVERNMENT (1977–1984)
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Abstract
The election of 1977 was traditionally called the Likud “upheaval”. The delicate balance between the secular and religious political powers in the State of Israel became possible. Moreover, the role of the orthodoxies and nationalists rapidly increased. As a result of this election, a right-wing party would lead the government for the first time since the State of Israel gained independence. The return of religion to the political sphere can be estimated as the phenomenon of the new Israeli politics. The power of the religious parties consists in the formation and provides coalition governments. At the same time, the religious block was unable to maintain a central role in state policy. But it took the same important place in Knesset like from 1948 as the consistent partner in government coalitions. The religious parties have totally integrated into the political system of the state. Consequently, they achieved significant benefits for themselves. Furthermore, it was the first time in thirty years when the political parties started to represent a cultural and political variety of the entire population of the country. Thus, the state can be defined as the religion-state of the religion-nation as many of the citizens did not belong to a part of this religious community. In fact, the cultural war began between two segments of society – the secular “Israeli” and the religious “Jewish”. Both believed that they had to determine the character of the State of Israel. After all, such a political party as Likud exhaustively demonstrated that consolidation of democratic systems could not occur without the inclusion of religious parties. As the result, the political image of Likud as a “religious-oriented party” contributed to the change of political power from Labour to Likud.
How to Cite
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civil religion, Israeli political parties, Knesset, Likud, religious parties, State of Israel
Beilin Y. (1985), “The Israeli general election of 1984”, Electoral Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-3794(85)90035-6
Brichta A. (1979), “The 1977 elections and the future of electoral reform in Israel”, in Penniman H. (ed.), Israel and the Polls: The Knesset Elections of 1977, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C., pp. 39–57.
Don-Yehiya E. (1981a), “Origins and development of the Aguda, and Mafdal parties”, Jerusalem Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 49–64.
Don-Yehiya E. (1981b), “The politics of the religious parties in Israel”, in Lehman-Wilzig S. and Susser B. (eds), Comparative Jewish Politics: Public Life in Israel and the Diaspora, Bar-Ilan University Press, Ramat-Gan, pp. 137–105.
Friedman M. (1984), “The NRP in transition – behind the party’s electoral decline”, in Caspi D., Diskin A., Gutmann E. (eds), The Roots of Begin’s Success, Croom Helm, London, pp. 141–168.
Gaier M. (2010), Religious Parties in the Political Systems of Pakistan and Israel, paper presented at the Interdisciplinary Graduate Conference on the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa, Columbia University, April 15–17, 2010, available at https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8JQ16RZ (accessed June 24, 2021).
Ben-Rafael G. S. (2001), “Power and changes in the balance between ideology and pragmatism in the right wing Likud Party”, GeoJournal, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 263–272. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019585912714
Greilsammer I. (1986), “Campaign strategies of the Israeli religious parties, 1981–1984”, in Shamir M. and Arian A. (eds), The Elections in Israel – 1984, Ramat Publishing, Tel Aviv, pp. 79–96.
Hershkowitz S. (1987), “Residential segregation by religion: a conceptual framework”, in Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Vol. 78, No. 1, pp. 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.1987.tb00143.x
Liebman C. S. and Don-Yehiya E. (1984), Religion and Politics in Israel, Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
Mendilow J. (2003), Ideology, Party Change, and Electoral Campaigns in Israel, 1965–2001, SUNY Series in Israeli Studies, State University of New York Press, Albany.
Newman D. (1986), “Functional Change and the Settlement Structure in Israel: A Study of Political Control, Response and Adaptation”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(86)90051-3
Newman D. (1989), “Voting patterns and the religious parties in Israel”, Contemporary Jewry, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 65–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02965572
Olmert J. (2013), “Jabotinsky-Begin-Lieberman: the changing face of the Likud party”, Romanian Journal of Society and Politics, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 137–152.
Rubinstein E. (1979), “The Lesser Parties in the Israeli Elections of 1977”, in Penniman H. (ed.), Israel at the Polls: The Knesset Elections of 1977, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C., pp. 173–198.
Schiff G. S. (1977), Tradition and Politics: The Religious Parties of Israel, Wayne State University Press, Detroit.
Schiff G. S. (1990), “Beyond the Begin Revolution: Recent Development in Israel’s Religious Parties”, in Mahler G. S. (ed.), Israel After Begin, SUNY Press, Albany, pp. 273–290.
Shamir M. and Arian A. (1982), “The ethnic vote in Israel’s 1981 elections”, Electoral Studies, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 315–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-3794(82)90221-9
Shlaim A. (1996), “The Likud in Power: The Historiography of Revisionist Zionism”, Israel Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 278–293. https://doi.org/10.2979/ISR.1996.1.2.278
Tauris C. S. (1995), Israel, Likud and the Zionist Dream: Power, Politics and Ideology from Begin to Netanyahu, St. Martin’s Press, New York.
Waterman S. (1981), “Electoral reform in Israel – a geographer’s view”, Geographical Research Forum, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 16–24.
Yishai Y. (1980), “Factionalism in the National Religious Party: The Quiet Revolution”, in Arian A. (ed.), The Elections in Israel, 1977, Jerusalem Academic Press, Jerusalem, pp. 123–158.
REFERENCES
Beilin Y. (1985), “The Israeli general election of 1984”, Electoral Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-3794(85)90035-6
Brichta A. (1979), “The 1977 elections and the future of electoral reform in Israel”, in Penniman H. (ed.), Israel and the Polls: The Knesset Elections of 1977, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C., pp. 39–57.
Don-Yehiya E. (1981a), “Origins and development of the Aguda, and Mafdal parties”, Jerusalem Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 49–64.
Don-Yehiya E. (1981b), “The politics of the religious parties in Israel”, in Lehman-Wilzig S. and Susser B. (eds), Comparative Jewish Politics: Public Life in Israel and the Diaspora, Bar-Ilan University Press, Ramat-Gan, pp. 137–105.
Friedman M. (1984), “The NRP in transition – behind the party’s electoral decline”, in Caspi D., Diskin A., Gutmann E. (eds), The Roots of Begin’s Success, Croom Helm, London, pp. 141–168.
Gaier M. (2010), Religious Parties in the Political Systems of Pakistan and Israel, paper presented at the Interdisciplinary Graduate Conference on the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa, Columbia University, April 15–17, 2010, available at https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8JQ16RZ (accessed June 24, 2021).
Ben-Rafael G. S. (2001), “Power and changes in the balance between ideology and pragmatism in the right wing Likud Party”, GeoJournal, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 263–272. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019585912714
Greilsammer I. (1986), “Campaign strategies of the Israeli religious parties, 1981–1984”, in Shamir M. and Arian A. (eds), The Elections in Israel – 1984, Ramat Publishing, Tel Aviv, pp. 79–96.
Hershkowitz S. (1987), “Residential segregation by religion: a conceptual framework”, in Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Vol. 78, No. 1, pp. 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.1987.tb00143.x
Liebman C. S. and Don-Yehiya E. (1984), Religion and Politics in Israel, Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
Mendilow J. (2003), Ideology, Party Change, and Electoral Campaigns in Israel, 1965–2001, SUNY Series in Israeli Studies, State University of New York Press, Albany.
Newman D. (1986), “Functional Change and the Settlement Structure in Israel: A Study of Political Control, Response and Adaptation”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(86)90051-3
Newman D. (1989), “Voting patterns and the religious parties in Israel”, Contemporary Jewry, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 65–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02965572
Olmert J. (2013), “Jabotinsky-Begin-Lieberman: the changing face of the Likud party”, Romanian Journal of Society and Politics, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 137–152.
Rubinstein E. (1979), “The Lesser Parties in the Israeli Elections of 1977”, in Penniman H. (ed.), Israel at the Polls: The Knesset Elections of 1977, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C., pp. 173–198.
Schiff G. S. (1977), Tradition and Politics: The Religious Parties of Israel, Wayne State University Press, Detroit.
Schiff G. S. (1990), “Beyond the Begin Revolution: Recent Development in Israel’s Religious Parties”, in Mahler G. S. (ed.), Israel After Begin, SUNY Press, Albany, pp. 273–290.
Shamir M. and Arian A. (1982), “The ethnic vote in Israel’s 1981 elections”, Electoral Studies, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 315–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-3794(82)90221-9
Shlaim A. (1996), “The Likud in Power: The Historiography of Revisionist Zionism”, Israel Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 278–293. https://doi.org/10.2979/ISR.1996.1.2.278
Tauris C. S. (1995), Israel, Likud and the Zionist Dream: Power, Politics and Ideology from Begin to Netanyahu, St. Martin’s Press, New York.
Waterman S. (1981), “Electoral reform in Israel – a geographer’s view”, Geographical Research Forum, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 16–24.
Yishai Y. (1980), “Factionalism in the National Religious Party: The Quiet Revolution”, in Arian A. (ed.), The Elections in Israel, 1977, Jerusalem Academic Press, Jerusalem, pp. 123–158.