Санскритська “Бгадрачар’япранідгана” та її тибетський переклад у текстуальному, доктринальному та історичному контекстах

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

  М. О. Васильєва

Анотація

Стаття присвячена дослідженню “Бгадрачар’япранідгани” (санскр. Bhadracaryāpraṇidhāna, тиб. Bzang spyod smon lam), тобто “Прагнення до доброї поведінки”, що є однією з найважливіших молитов-прагнень (санскр. praṇidhāna, тиб. smon lam) буддизму магаяни. Мета статті – вивчити санскритський текст “Бгадрачар’япранідгани”, а саме час його створення, літературний жанр, доктринальний контекст, текстові версії та згадки в інших давньоіндійських джерелах, а також дослідити його тибетський переклад – історію створення, перекладачів та альтернативну версію перекладу, що збереглася в колекції тибетських Дуньхуанських рукописів. Історичний контекст санскритської “Бгадрачар’япранідгани” хронологічно обмежений часом, починаючи з дати історичного Будди (~V ст. до н. е.) до кінця ХІІ ст. н. е., коли в Індії буддизм практично зник, а історичний контекст її тибетського перекладу – часом раннього поширення (snga dar) (~641–842) та пізнішого поширення (spyi dar) (986 – початок XIV ст.) буддизму в Тибеті. Отже, ця стаття робить внесок у філософські та лінгвістичні дослідження буддизму магаяни загалом та в подальше вивчення “Бгадрачар’япранідгани” зокрема.

Як цитувати

Васильєва, М. О. (2024). Санскритська “Бгадрачар’япранідгана” та її тибетський переклад у текстуальному, доктринальному та історичному контекстах. Східний світ, (3 (124), 29-58. https://doi.org/10.15407/orientw2024.03.029
Переглядів статті: 59 | Завантажень PDF: 133

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

Ключові слова

Bhadracaryāpraṇidhāna (Bzang spyod smon lam); буддизм магаяни; Дуньхуанські рукописи; пранідгана; тибетський буддійський канон; шлях бодгісаттви

Посилання

PRIMARY SOURCES

Manuscripts

“IOL Tib J 139”, in International Dunhuang Programme, available at: https://idp.bl.uk/collection/DADC17A695B24EEEAFAD6E4D0275A82D/?return=%2Fcollection%2F%3Fterm%3DIOL%2520Tib%2520J%2520139 (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Tibetan).

“IOL Tib J 140”, in International Dunhuang Programme, available at: https://idp.bl.uk/collection/BDA60ABCD0E94A4095A27E34E7F3D351/?return=%2Fcollection%2F%3Fterm%3DIOL%2520Tib%2520J%2520140 (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Tibetan).

“IOL Tib J 143”, in International Dunhuang Programme, available at: https://idp.bl.uk/collection/7F0FF2C9D81547D5A7E13C14200AB06F/?return=%2Fcollection%2F%3Fterm%3DIOL%2520Tib%2520J%2520143 (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Tibetan).

“IOL Tib J 146”, in International Dunhuang Programme, available at: https://idp.bl.uk/collection/C934BEE4E14A48C1804727AA9DB359CC/?return=%2Fcollection%2F%3Fterm%3DIOL%2520Tib%2520J%2520146 (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Tibetan).

“IOL Tib J 147”, in International Dunhuang Programme, available at: https://idp.bl.uk/collection/B1D53CD1C8974256B0260D474E82A1DF/?return=%2Fcollection%2F%3Fterm%3DIOL%2520Tib%2520J%2520147 (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Tibetan).

“IOL Tib J 148”, in International Dunhuang Programme, available at: https://idp.bl.uk/collection/FABD518DCB9246408AFDEA910AE2B8AF/?return=%2Fcollection%2F%3Fterm%3DIOL%2520Tib%2520J%2520148 (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Tibetan).

“MS Add.1326”, in University of Cambridge Digital Library, available at: https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-01326/1 (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Sanskrit).

“MS Add.1471”, in University of Cambridge Digital Library, available at: https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-01471/1 (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Sanskrit).

“MS Add.1680.1”, in University of Cambridge Digital Library, available at: https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-01680-00001/1 (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Sanskrit).

“MS Add.899”, in University of Cambridge Digital Library, available at: https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-00899/1 (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Sanskrit).

“MS Reel No. E 2572-9”, in The Nepalese-German Manuscript Cataloguing Project, available at: https://ngmcp.fdm.uni-hamburg.de/mediawiki/index.php/E_2572-9_Bhadracar%C4%ABpra%E1%B9%87idh%C4%81na (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Sanskrit).

“MS Reel No. A 113-1”, in The Nepalese-German Manuscript Cataloguing Project, available at: https://ngmcp.fdm.uni-hamburg.de/mediawiki/index.php/A_113-1_Mah%C4%81pra%E1%B9%87idh%C4%81na (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Sanskrit).

“MS Reel No. A 131-18”, in The Nepalese-German Manuscript Cataloguing Project, available at: https://ngmcp.fdm.uni-hamburg.de/mediawiki/index.php/A_131-18_Bhadracar%C4%AB(mah%C4%81)pra%E1%B9%87idh%C4%81na(ratnar%C4%81ja) (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Sanskrit).

“PT 138”, in Bibliothèque nationale de France, available at: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b83028644 (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Tibetan).

“PT 141”, in Bibliothèque nationale de France, available at: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b83072792 (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Tibetan).

“PT 142”, in Bibliothèque nationale de France, available at: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8307324f (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Tibetan).

“PT 144”, in Bibliothèque nationale de France, available at: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8305464p (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Tibetan).

“PT 150”, in Bibliothèque nationale de France, available at: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8302865j (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Tibetan).

“PT 151”, in Bibliothèque nationale de France, available at: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b83033958/f1.item (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Tibetan).

Pāli Suttas

“Assutavāsutta [Sutta “Unlearned”] (61) of Mahāvagga (7), Saṃyutta Nikāya (12). SN 12.61”, in Sutta Central, available at: https://mail.dhammatalks.net/suttacentral/sc2016/sc/pi/sn12.61.html (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Pāli).

“Bījasutta [Sutta “A Seed”] (104) of Samaṇasaññāvagga (11), Aṅguttara Nikāya (10). AN 10.104”, in Sutta Central, available at: https://mail.dhammatalks.net/suttacentral/sc2016/sc/pi/an10.104.html (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Pāli).

“Giñjakāvasathasutta [Sutta “In the Brick Hall”] (13) of Dutiyavagga (2), Saṃyutta Nikāya (14). SN 14.13”, in Sutta Central, available at: https://mail.dhammatalks.net/suttacentral/sc2016/sc/pi/sn14.13.html (accessed August 2, 2024). (In Pāli).

“Kusalākusalapaṭisandahanakathā [Of the Mutual Consecutiveness of Good and Bad] of Cuddasamavagga, Anusayapaṇṇāsaka, Kathāvathu. Kv 14.1”, in Sutta Central, available at: https://suttacentral.net/kv14.1/pli/ms?lang=en&layout=plain&reference=none&notes=asterisk&highlight=false&script=latin (accessed August 2, 2004). (In Pāli).

Bka’ ‘gyur Texts (in Tibetan)

‘Phags pa ‘jam dpal gyi sangs rgyas kyi zhing gi yon tan bkod pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Āryamañjuśrībuddhakṣetraguṇavyūhanāmamahāyānasūtra) [The Noble Mahāyāna Sūtra “The Array of Qualities of Mañjuśrī’s Buddhafield”]. Tōh 59, Sde dge bka’ ‘gyur, Vol. 41, ff. 249v1–298v2.

‘Phags pa bskal ba bzang po pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Āryabhadrakalpikanāmamahāyānasūtra) [The Noble Mahāyāna Sūtra “The Fortunate Eon”]. Tōh 94, Sde dge bka’ ‘gyur, Vol. 45, ff. 1r1–340v2.

‘Phags pa byams pa’i smon lam (Āryamaitrīpraṇidhāna) [Ārya Maitreya’s Aspiration] Stog bka’ ‘gyur (Stog pho brang bris ma), Vol. 88, ff. 370r4–371v5.

‘Phags pa byams pas zhus pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Āryamaitreyaparipṛcchānāmamahāyānasūtra) [The Noble Mahāyāna Sūtra “The Question of Maitreya”]. Tōh 85, Sde dge bka’ ‘gyur, Vol. 44, ff. 104r1–116v3.

‘Phags pa bzang po spyod pa’i smon lam gyi rgyal po (Āryabhadracaryāpraṇidhānarāja) [The Noble Kinglike Aspiration for Good Conduct]. Zhol bka’ ‘gyur, Vol. 47, ff. 575v7–581r6 (pp. 1150–1161).

‘Phags pa bzang po spyod pa’i smon lam gyi rgyal po (Āryabhadracaryāpraṇidhānarāja) [The Noble Kinglike Aspiration for Good Conduct]. Shel mkhar bris ma bka’ ‘gyur, Vol. 84, ff. 392v5–397r7.

‘Phags pa bzang po spyod pa’i smon lam gyi rgyal po (Āryabhadracaryāpraṇidhānarāja) [The Noble Kinglike Aspiration for Good Conduct]. Stog pho brang bris ma bka’ ‘gyur, Vol. 88, ff. 366r–370r.

‘Phags pa bzang po spyod pa’i smon lam gyi rgyal po (Āryabhadracaryāpraṇidhānarāja) [The Noble Kinglike Aspiration for Good Conduct]. Tōh 1095, Sde dge bka’ ‘gyur, Gzung ‘dus, Vol. 102, ff. 262v5–266r3 (pp. 524–531).

‘Phags pa bzang po spyod pa’i smon lam gyi rgyal po (Āryabhadracaryāpraṇidhānarāja) [The Noble Kinglike Aspiration for Good Conduct]. Urga bka’ ‘gyur, Vol. 102, ff. 262v5–266r3 (pp. 524–531).

‘Phags pa bzang po spyod pa’i smon lam gyi rgyal po (Āryabhadracaryāpraṇidhānarāja) [The Noble Kinglike Aspiration for Good Conduct]. Co ne bka’ ‘gyur, Vol. 24, ff. 280v8–284v4.

‘Phags pa bzang po spyod pa’i smon lam gyi rgyal po (Āryabhadracaryāpraṇidhānarāja) [The Noble Kinglike Aspiration for Good Conduct]. Pe cin bka’ ‘gyur, Vol. 25, ff. 268r2–271v4 (pp. 285–293).

‘Phags pa mar me mdzad kyis lung bstan pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Āryadīpaṃkaravyākaraṇanāmamahāyānasūtra) [The Noble Mahāyāna Sūtra “The Prophecy of Dīpaṃkara”]. Tōh 188, Sde dge bka’ ‘gyur, Vol. 61, ff. 191v1–199v5.

‘Phags pa sa bcu pa’i mdo or Shin tu rgyas pa chen po’i mdo sangs rgyas phal po che zhes bya ba las sa bcu pa’i le’u (Āryadaśabhūmikasūtra or Buddhāvataṃsakanāmamahāvaipulyasūtrāt daśabhūmikaḥ paṭalaḥ) [The Noble Sūtra on the Ten Bhūmis or The Ten Bhūmis Chapter from the Mahāvaipulya Sūtra “Ornaments of the Buddhas”], ch. 31 of the Buddhāvataṃsakasūtra. Tōh 44–31, Sde dge bka’ ‘gyur, Vol. 36, ff. 166r5–283r7.

‘Phags pa snying rje pad ma dkar po zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Āryakaruṇāpuṇḍarīkanāmamahāyānasūtra) [The Noble Mahāyāna Sūtra “White Lotus of Compassion”]. Tōh 112, Sde dge bka’ ‘gyur, Vol. 50, ff. 129r1–296v2.

[‘Phags pa bzang po spyod pa’i smon lam gyi rgyal po]. Sangs rgyas phal po che zhes bya ba shin tu rgyas pa chen po’i mdo (Buddhāvataṃsakanāmamahāvaipulyasūtra). Zhol bka’ ‘gyur, Vol. 46, ff. 336v2–341r6.

[‘Phags pa bzang po spyod pa’i smon lam gyi rgyal po]. Sangs rgyas phal po che zhes bya ba shin tu rgyas pa chen po’i mdo (Buddhāvataṃsakanāmamahāvaipulyasūtra). Co ne bka’ ‘gyur, Vol. 94, ff. 280r6–284r2.

[‘Phags pa bzang po spyod pa’i smon lam gyi rgyal po]. Sangs rgyas phal po che zhes bya ba shin tu rgyas pa chen po’i mdo (Buddhāvataṃsakanāmamahāvaipulyasūtra). Tōh 44, Sde dge bka’ ‘gyur, Vol. 38, ff. 358v7–362r4.

[‘Phags pa bzang po spyod pa’i smon lam gyi rgyal po]. Sangs rgyas phal po che zhes bya ba shin tu rgyas pa chen po’i mdo (Buddhāvataṃsakanāmamahāvaipulyasūtra). Snar thang bka’ ‘gyur, Vol. 46, ff. 335v7–340r5.

[‘Phags pa bzang po spyod pa’i smon lam gyi rgyal po]. Sangs rgyas phal po che zhes bya ba shin tu rgyas pa chen po’i mdo (Buddhāvataṃsakanāmamahāvaipulyasūtra). Stog pho brang bris ma bka’ ‘gyur, Vol. 34, ff. 306r2–310r5.

Mchog gi spyod pa’i smon lam (Agracāryapraṇidhāna) [Aspiration for Sublime Conduct]. Tōh 1097, Sde dge bka’ ‘gyur, Vol. 102, ff. 267r5–268v1.

Sangs rgyas phal po che zhe bya ba shin tu rgyas pa chen po’i mdo (Buddhāvataṃsakanāmamahāvaipulyasūtra) [The Mahāvaipulya Sūtra “A Multitude of Buddhas”]. Toh 44, Sde dge bka’ ‘gyur, Vols 35–38.

Shin tu rgyas pa chen po’i mdo sangs rgyas phal po che zhes bya ba las sdong pos brgyan pa’i le’u ste bzhi bcu rtsa lnga pa’o (Buddhāvataṃsakanāmamahāvaipulyasūtrāt gaṇḍavyūhasūtraḥ paṭalaḥ) [“The Stem Array” Chapter from the Mahāvaipulya Sūtra “A Multitude of Buddhas”]. Tōh 44–45, Sde dge bka’ ‘gyur, Vol. 37, f. 274v6 – Vol. 38, f. 363r7.

Bstan ‘gyur Texts (in Tibetan)

*Bhadrapaṇa (Rgyan bzang po). ‘Phags pa bzang po spyod pa’i smon lam gyi rgyal po’i rgya cher ‘grel pa (Āryabhadracaryāpraṇidhānarājaṭīkā) [Extensive Commentary on the Noble Kinglike Aspiration for Good Conduct]. Tōh 4014, Sde dge bstan ‘gyur, Vol. 117, ff. 234r4–252v4 (pp. 467–504).

Asaṅga. Rnal ‘byor spyod pa’i sa (Yogācārabhūmi) [The Levels of Spiritual Practice]. Tōh 4035–4042, Sde dge bstan ‘gyur, Vol. 127, f. 1v1 – Vol. 132, f. 68v7.

Atiśa Dīpaṃkaraśrījñāna. Byang chub lam gyi sgron ma’i dka’ ‘grel zhes bya ba (Bodhimārgadīpapañjikā) [The Commentary on the Lamp for the Path to Awakening]. Tōh 3948, Sde dge bstan ‘gyur, Vol. 111, ff. 241r4–293r4.

Atīśa Dīpaṃkaraśrījñāna. Rigs kyi smon lam (Kulapraṇidhāna) [An Aspiration to the Lineage]. Tōh 4389. Sde dge bstan ‘gyur, Vol. 207, ff. 319r4–319v2.

Bhāviveka. Dbu ma rin po che’i sgron ma zhes bya ba (Madhyamakaratnapradīpa) [The Precious Lamp of the Middle Way]. Tōh 3854, Sde dge bstan ‘gyur, Vol. 97, ff. 259v3–289v7.

Bye brag tu rtogs par byed pa (Mahāvyutpatti) [Great Detailed Explanation]. Tōh 4375, Sde dge bstan ‘gyur, Vol. 204, ff. 1v1–131r4.

Candragomin. Btsun pa zla ba’i smon lam (Candragomipraṇidhāna) [An Aspiration of the Venerable Candragomin]. Tōh 4386. Sde dge bstan ‘gyur, Vol. 207, ff. 317r3–317v3.

Candrakīrti. Dbu ma la ‘jug pa’i bshad pa zhes bya ba (Madhyamakāvatārabhāṣyanāma) [An Explanation of “Entering into the Middle Way”]. Tōh 3862, Sde dge bstan ‘gyur, Vol. 102, ff. 220v1–348r7.

Dignāga. Kun tu bzang po’i spyod pa’i smon lam gyi don kun bsdus (Samantabhadracaryāpraṇidhānārthasaṃgraha) [Synopsis of the Aspiration for Samantabhadra’s Conduct]. Tōh 4012, Sde dge bstan ‘gyur, Vol. 117, ff. 182r1–201r4.

Nāgārjuna. Byang chub ‘byung ba’i smon lam (Bodhyākarapraṇidhāna) [An Aspiration to the Source of Awakening]. Tōh 4385. Sde dge bstan ‘gyur, Vol. 207, ff. 316r3–317r3.

Nāgārjuna. ‘Phags pa bzang po spyod pa’i smon lam gyi rgyal po chen po’i bshad sbyar (Āryabhadracaryāmahāpraṇidhānarājanibandhana) [Discourse on the Noble Kinglike Great Aspiration for Good Conduct]. Gser bris ma bstan ‘gyur, Vol. 127, ff. 231r1–256v6.

Nāgārjuna. Rdo rje’i smon lam (Vajrapraṇidhāna) [Vajra Aspiration]. Tōh 4384. Sde dge bstan ‘gyur, Vol. 207, ff. 315r5–316r3.

Nāgārjuna. Smon lam rin po che’i rgyal po zhes bya ba (Praṇidhānaratnarājanāma) [An Aspiration called “The King of Jewels”]. Tōh 4395. Sde dge bstan ‘gyur, Vol. 207, ff. 325v6–326v7.

Pho brang stong thang lhan dkar gyi chos ‘gyur ro cog gi dkar chag bzhugs [The Catalogue of All the Translated Dharma from Stong thang lhan dkar Palace]. Tōh 4407, Sde dge bstan ‘gyur, Vol. 206, ff. 294v6–310v7.

Śākyamitra. ‘Phags pa bzang po spyod pa’i smon lam gyi rgyal po’i rgya cher ‘grel pa (Āryabhadracaryāpraṇidhānarājaṭīkā) [Extensive Commentary on the Noble Kinglike Aspiration for Good Conduct]. Tōh 4013, Sde dge bstan ‘gyur, Vol. 117, ff. 201r4–234r4.

Vairocanarakṣita. Slob ma la spring pa’i phrin yig dka’ ‘grel (Śiṣyalekhaṭippaṇa) [A Commentary on the Difficult Points of the ‘Letter of a Message to a Student’]. Tōh 4191. Sde dge bstan ‘gyur, Vol. 173, ff. 112r1–121r7.

Vasubandhu. ‘Phags pa bzang po spyod pa’i smon lam gyi ‘grel pa (Āryabhadracaryāpraṇidhānaṭīkā) [Extensive Commentary on the Noble Kinglike Aspiration for Good Conduct]. Tōh 4015, Sde dge bstan ‘gyur, Vol. 117, ff. 252v5–269r7.

Ye shes sde. Bzang spyod kyi ‘grel pa bzhi’i don bsdus nas brjed byang du byas pa bzhugs [Mnemonic Synopsis of the Four Commentaries on the Aspiration for Good Conduct]. Tōh 4402, Sde dge bstan ‘gyur, Vol. 206, ff. 184r1–213v1.

REFERENCES

‘Phags pa bzang po spyod pa’i smon lam gyi rgyal po (2001), Gzungs ‘dus [Compendium of Dhāraṇīs], Sku ‘bum par ma, (Impressions from the 1844 sku ‘bum byams pa gling blocks), Sku ‘bum byams pa gling par khang, pp. 175–185. (In Tibetan).

Asmussen J. P. (1961), The Khotanese Bhadracaryādeśanā, E. Munksgaard, Copenhagen.

Aspects of Buddhist Sanskrit. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Language of Sanskrit Buddhist Texts (Oct. 1–5, 1991) (1993), (Samyag-vāk Series, VI), Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, Sarnath, Varanasi.

Bryant E. F. (2009), The Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation and Commentary, North Point Press, E-book edition, New York.

Dessein B. (2003), “The Glow of the Vow of the Teacher Samantabhadra. Puxian pusa xing yuan zan (T.297) *Samantabhadrācāryapraṇidhānarāja”, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 56, No. 2/4, pp. 317–338. https://doi.org/10.1556/AOrient.56.2003.2-4.16

Devi S. (ed.) (1958), Samantabhadracaryā-praṇidhānarāja, (Śatapiṭaka, Indo-Asian Literatures, Vol. 4), International Academy of Indian Culture, New Delhi, pp. 29–155.

Dkar chag ‘phang thang ma (2003), Bod ljongs rten rdzas bshams mdzod khang gi rtsa che’i dpe rnying gces sgrigs dpe tshogs, Mi rigs dpe skrun khang, Pe cin. (In Tibetan).

Dutt N. (ed.) (1966), Bodhisattvabhumi, K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute, Patna.

Halkias G. T. (2004), “Tibetan Buddhism Registered: A Catalogue from the Imperial Court of ‘Phang Thang”, Eastern Buddhist, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 46–105.

Hartmann J.-U. (2023), “One or many? The commentaries on the Bhadracaryāpraṇidhāna”, in Eltschinger V. et al. (eds), Burlesque of the Philosophers. Indian and Buddhist Studies in Memory of Helmut Krasser, (Hamburg Buddhist Studies Series 19), Pt. I, pp. 129–152.

Hidas G. (2021), Powers of Protection: The Buddhist Tradition of Spells in the Dhāraṇīsaṃgraha Collections, De Gruyter, Berlin and Boston. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110713367

Hirsch Jr., E. D. (1967), Validity in Interpretation, Yale University Press, New Haven. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350928510

Idumi H. (1929–1931), “The Hymn on the Life and Vows of Samantabhadra”, The Eastern Buddhist, Vol. 5, pp. 226–247.

Lalou M. (1953), “Contribution à la bibliographie du Kanjur et du Tanjur. Les textes bouddhiques au temps du roi Khri-sroṅ-lde-bcan”, Journal Asiatique, Vol. 241, pp. 313–353.

Lasic H., Xuezhu Li and MacDonald A. (eds) (2022), Candrakīrti’s Madhyamakāvatārabhāṣya Chapter 1 to 5, China Tibetology Publishing House, Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, Beijing and Vienna.

Lee P. H. (1961), “The Importance of the Kyunyŏ Chŏn (1075) in Korean Buddhism and Literature – Bhadra-Cari-Praṇidhāna in Tenth Century Korea”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 81, No. 4, pp. 409–414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/595687

Leumann E. (1912), “IV. Übersetzung (von Professor Leumann)”, in Die Bhadracari: eine probe buddhistisch-religiöser lyric, Kaikioku Watanabe (ed.), Druck von G. Kreysing, Leipzig, pp. 41–50.

Mahāvyutpatti. Digital Version (2013), Library and Information Center of Dharma Drum Buddhist College, Taipei, available at: https://glossaries.dila.edu.tw/glossaries/MVP?locale=en (accessed August 2, 2024).

Matsumura J. (2011), “An Independent Sūtra on the Dīpaṃkara Prophecy: Tibetan Text and English Translation of the Ārya-dīpaṃkaravyākaraṇa-nāma-mahāyāna-sūtra”, Journal of the International College for Postgraduate Buddhist Studies, Vol. 15, pp. 81–74.

Namdol G. (ed.) (1984), Bhāvanākramaḥ of Ācārya Kamalaśīla, (Bibliotheca-Indo-Tibetica No. 9), Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, Sarnath, pp. 165–326.

Nanjio B. (1883), A Catalogue of the Chinese Translation of the Buddhist Tripitaka: The Sacred Canon of the Buddhists in China and Japan, Oxford, Clarendon Press.

Nattier J. (2008), A Guide to the Earliest Buddhist Translations, Soka University, Tokyo.

Osto D. (2004), The Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra: a Study of Wealth, Gender and Power in an Indian Buddhist Narrative, PhD Dissertation, SOAS, University of London.

Osto D. (2010), “A New Translation of the Sanskrit Bhadracarī with Introduction and Notes”, New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 1–21.

Pandey J. (ed.) (1994), “Bhadracarīpraṇidhāna”, in Bauddha-stotra-saṁgraha [A Collection of One Hundred Eight Old Buddhist Hymns – First Series], Motilal Banarsidass, Varanas, pp. 139–143.

Rahder J. (ed.) (1926), Daśabhūmikasūtra et Bodhisattvabhūmi: Chapitres Vihāra et Bhūmi, Paul Geuthner, Paris and J. B. Istas, Louvain.

Roberts P. A. (trans.) (2022), “The Stem Array (Gaṇḍavyūhasūtra)”, in 84000 Project, available at: https://read.84000.co/translation/UT22084-037-007 (accessed August 2, 2024).

Schaik S. van and L. Doney (2007–2009), “The prayer, the priest and the Tsenpo: An early Buddhist narrative from Dunhuang”, The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Vol. 30, No. 1–2, pp. 175–218.

Sharf R. (2002), Coming in Terms with Chinese Buddhism, University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu, pp. 1–27.

Skilling P. and Saerji (2013), “The Circulation of the Buddhāvataṃsaka in India”, Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University for the Academic Year 2012, Vol. 16, Soka University, Tokyo, pp. 193–216.

Skilling P. and Saerji (2014), “How the Buddhas of the Fortunate Aeon First Aspired to Awakening: The pūrva-praṇidhānas of Buddhas 1–250”, Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University for the Academic Year 2013, Vol. 17, Tokyo, pp, 245–292.

Suzuki D. T. and Hokei I. (eds) (1934), The Gandavyuha Sutra. Part I and Part II, The Sanskrit Buddhist Texts Publishing Society, Kyoto.

Suzuki D. T. and Hokei I. (eds) (1949), The Gandavyuha Sutra. New Revised Edition, Pt. I, The Society for the Publication of Sacred Books of the World, Kyoto.

Szántó P.-D. (2017), “A Sanskrit Fragment of Candragomin’s Praṇidhāna”, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Vol. 40, pp. 225–237.

Takahashi H. (1993), “Ādikarmapradīpa Sanskrit Edition: Based on the Manuscript of the University of Tokyo”, in Dr. Yukatsu Miyasaka’s 70th Anniversary Papers, Indology and Esoteric Buddhism Studies [高橋尚夫. [Ādikarmapradīpa 梵文校訂ー 東大写本によるー」宮坂宥勝博士古稀記念論文集刊行会(編)『インド学密教学研究下』], pp. 129–156. (In Japanese).

Tang J. (2017), “Translation and Buddhism in Premodern China: A contextualized overview”, Translation Journal, April, pp. 1–43.

Vaidya P. L. (ed.) (1960), Gaṇḍavyūhasūtra, The Mithila Institute, Darbhanga.

Vaidya P. L. (ed.) (1961), Śikṣāsamuccaya of Śāntideva, Mithila Institute, Darbhanga.

Vasylieva M. (2024), A Study of the Bstan ‘gyur Synoptic Indic Commentaries on the Bhadracaryāpraṇidhāna in the Context of the Subcommentary by Lo tsā ba Ye shes sde, Including Their Editions and Translations into English, PhD Dissertation, International Buddhist College of Thailand.

Watanabe K. (ed.) (1912), “Text mit Varianten und Wortindex nebst Übersetzung”, in Die Bhadracari: eine probe buddhistisch-religiöser lyrik, Druck von G. Kreysing, Leipzig, pp. 29–37.

Wogihara U. (ed.) (1932–1935), Abhisamayālaṃkārālokā Prajñāpāramitāvyākhyā (Commentary on Aṣtasāhasrikā-Prajñāpāramitā) by Haribhadra Together with the Text Commented on, The Toyo Bunko, Tokyo.

Yoshimura Sh. (1950), The Denkar-ma: An Oldest Catalogue of the Tibetan Buddhist Canons with Introductory Notes, Researching Society of the Eastern Sacred Books, Ryukoku University, Kyoto.