“Аш-Шабаб” і “Боко Харам” поза номінальною політичною риторикою та чому урядам Сомалі й Нігерії не вдалося їх приборкати
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Анотація
Терористична діяльність сомалійських бойовиків “Аш-Шабаб” та повстанського угруповання “Боко Харам” з Нігерії протягом останнього десятиліття привернула увагу служб безпеки на Великому Африканському Розі та в регіоні Сахель. Їхні насильницькі дії, що спричиняють людські втрати, руйнування інфраструктури та сіють страх серед населення, роблять ці дві групи зі схожою ідеологією, можливо, найжорстокішими войовничими групами на континенті. Це дослідження має на меті виявити основні фактори, що сприяли появі на політичній сцені цих двох груп, і з’ясувати причину їхньої настільки високої оперативної ефективності, що урядам Сомалі та Нігерії не вдалося їх приборкати. Дослідження показує, що ці збройні формування негативно вплинули на перспективи економічного зростання обох країн. Поки що на політичному горизонті немає жодних ознак припинення їхньої діяльності найближчим часом – зокрема, через те, що жоден уряд Сомалі й Нігерії, на жаль, не зміг вирішити такі національні проблеми, як несправедливий розподіл національних ресурсів, маргіналізація та брак справжнього бажання запровадити інклюзивне управління. У дослідженні зазначається, що характерними для місцевого політикуму стали бездарність режиму, корупція, клановість, кумівство та безкарність – практики, протилежні складникам вибудовування стабільної та економічно життєздатної держави. Такий status quo означає, що система стримувань і противаг є вкрай неефективною, і наслідком цього може бути поразка держави. У дослідженні зроблено висновок, що, всупереч поширеним у політичному світі уявленням про етнічні та радикальні релігійні ідеології як ключові рушійні сили заснування угруповань “Аш-Шабаб” і “Боко Харам”, справжнім причинним фактором є незадовільна економічна політика низки політичних режимів Нігерії і Сомалі. Зазначається, що, хоча релігія та етнічна належність можуть відігравати певну роль в існуванні двох войовничих груп, наголос на релігійних розбіжностях робиться некомпетентними африканськими режимами навмисно, щоб приховати справжні причини, насамперед – незадовільні методи управління. Дослідження має важливе значення як для політиків, так і для простих громадян, даючи змогу проникнути поглядом за фасад і зосередитися на першопричинах, а не на тих наслідках, які, схоже, висуваються на передній план.
Як цитувати
Сімузія, Н. Д. (2024). “Аш-Шабаб” і “Боко Харам” поза номінальною політичною риторикою та чому урядам Сомалі й Нігерії не вдалося їх приборкати. Східний світ, (2 (123), 103-130. https://doi.org/10.15407/orientw2024.02.103
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Ключові слова
Аш-Шабаб; Боко Харам; бойовики; економічні втрати; маргіналізація; порушення прав людини; Нігерія; Сомалі
Посилання
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