Від аскетів до фанатиків: про використання грецьких джерел для доказу існування кастової системи в Давній Індії
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Анотація
Давньогрецькі письменники протягом кількох століть писали про “індійських філософів”, яких називали також ґімнософістами (γυμνοσοφισταί “голі мудреці”) та брагманами. Вчені, що сьогодні вивчають Індію, стверджують, що ті мислителі були брагманами та іншими індійськими аскетами. Вони також кажуть, що присвячені Індії грецькі праці й описи цих філософів та пов’язаного з ними соціального контексту свідчать про існування кастової системи, про її характеристики та функціонування. Однак при вивченні грецьких текстів, хоч би й у перекладі XIX ст., виникають сумніви щодо цього твердження. Давні вчені не казали про кастову систему, знайому сьогоднішній мейнстрімній соціології. Якщо так, то як і коли з’явилася думка про те, що греки обговорювали індійську кастову систему? Щоб дістати відповідь, нам потрібно звернутися до того, як протягом тисячоліття брагмани змальовувалися в європейських працях. Тут можна знайти чимало цікавого. Приблизно до XVI ст. сучасні брагмани вважалися нащадками стародавніх ґімнософістів. Однак потім під впливом антиклерикальних поглядів християнської Реформації європейці почали розрізняти давніх і сучасних брагманів. Перших вихваляли за їхній аскетизм, а других засуджували як аморальних фанатиків. Коли в XVII ст. з’явився наратив про виродження індуїзму й індійської цивілізації, вчені почали шукати коріння цього виродження в давньому минулому Індії. Однак через брак уніфікованого домінантного опису такої кастової системи, яку ми знаємо сьогодні, не було простежено жодного зв’язку між грецькими описами Індії та індійською системою каст. Коли у XVIII–XIX ст. викристалізувалося уявлення про кастову систему й був відкритий буддизм, учені стали приписувати свідчення про існування кастової системи давнім грекам.
Як цитувати
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
брагмани; браміни; ґімнософісти; давні греки; Індія; індуїзм; кастова система
Allan J., Haig T. W. and Dodwell H. H. (1934), The Cambridge Shorter History of India, Cambridge University Press, London.
Ambedkar B. R. (2014), Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Writings and Speeches, [Vol. 3], edited by Vasant Moon, Dr. Ambedkar Foundation, New Delhi.
Anglicus B. (1582), Batman Vppon Bartholome His Booke De Proprietatibus Rerum, Newly Corrected, Enlarged and Amended..., Imprinted by Thomas East, London, available at: http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A05237.0001.001 (accessed February 27, 2024).
Anonymous (1774), The Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure, John Hinton, London.
App U. (2010), The Birth of Orientalism, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812200058
Arora U. P. (1991), “The Indika of Megasthenes – An Appraisal”, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 72/73, No. 1/4, pp. 307–329.
Balagangadhara S. N. (1994), “The Heathen in His Blindness...” Asia, the West, and the Dynamic of Religion, E. J. Brill, Leiden. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004378865
Barbosa D. (1518 [1917]), The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the Countries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and their Inhabitants..., Vol. I, Mansel Longworth Dames (ed.), Hakluyt Society, London.
Basham A. L. (1954), The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent before the Coming of the Muslims, Grove Press, New York.
Bayle P. and Des M. (1735), The Dictionary Historical and Critical of Mr. Peter Bayle..., Volume the Third, F-L., 2nd ed., J. J. and P. Knapton et al, London.
Beal S. (1882), Abstract of Four Lectures on Buddhist Literature in China, Trübner & Company, London.
Beckwith C. I. (2017), Greek Buddha: Pyrrho’s Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia, Princeton University Press, Princeton. https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691176321.001.0001
Bevan E. R. (1922), “Chapter XVI: India in Early Greek and Latin Literature”, in Rapson E. J. (ed.), The Cambridge History of India, Vol. I: Ancient India, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 391–426.
Blount C. (1693), The oracles of reason ... in several letters to Mr. Hobbs and other persons of eminent quality and learning, [s.n.], London, available at: http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A28444.0001.001 (accessed December 29, 2023).
Blunt E. (1931), The Caste System of Northern India, Oxford University Press, Humphrey Milford.
Bronkhorst J. (2007), Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India, Brill, Leiden. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1356186308008419
Bunbury E. H. (1879), A History of Ancient Geography Among the Greeks and Romans, Vol. I, John Murray, London.
Burnet T. (1736), Doctrina Antiqua De Rerum Originibus..., Translated by Mead, and Foxton, E. Curll, London.
Chambers E. (1728), Cyclopædia: Or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences..., Vol. I, 5th (1741), Midwinter, London.
Cohn B. S. (2007), “Notes on the History of the Study of Indian Society and Culture”, in Singer M. B. and Cohn B. S. (eds), Structure and Change in Indian Society, Aldione Transaction, New Brunswick, pp. 3–28. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315130361-2
Colebrooke H. T. (1873), “Observations on the Sect of Jains”, in Cowell E. B. (ed.), Miscellaneous Essays, Vol. II, New Edition, Trübner & Co., London, pp. 171–201.
Coleridge H. J. (1881), The Life and Letters of St. Francis Xavier, Vol. 1, Burns and Oates, London.
De Jong J. W. (1976), Brief History of Buddhist Studies in Europe and America, Bharat-Bharati, Varanasi.
De Nobili R. (2000), Preaching Wisdom to the Wise: Three Treatises by Roberto de Nobili S. J., Missionary and Scholar in 17th Century India, translated by Amaladass A. and Clooney F. X., Satya Nilayam Publications, Chennai.
Dollinger J. J. I. (1862), The Gentile and the Jew in the Courts of the Temple of Christ: An Introduction to the History of Christianity, [Vol. 1 of 2], translated by Darnell N., Longman, London.
Ellam J. E. (1930), Swaraj: The Problem of India, Logos Press, New Delhi.
Elphinstone M. (1841), The History of India, [Vol. 1], John Murray, London.
Encyclopaedia Britannica (1833), The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, [Vol. V], 9th ed., Popular Reprint, H. G. Allen, New York.
Estienne C [Carolus Stephanus] (1609), Dictionarium Historicum, Geographicum, Poeticum, Apud Balthazarum, Gaii.
Frazer R. W. (1898), A Literary History of India, T. Fisher Unwin, London.
Gale T. (1672), The Court of the Gentiles... Part I. Of Philologie, 2nd revised and enlarged ed., H. Hall, Oxon.
Gelders R. (2009), “Genealogy of Colonial Discourse: Hindu Traditions and the Limits of European Representation”, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 563–589. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417509000231
Habib I. (2002), Essays in Indian History: Towards a Marxist Perception; With, The Economic History of Medieval India: A Survey, Anthem Press, London.
Hahn T. (1978), “The Indian Tradition in Western Medieval Intellectual History”, Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Vol. 9, pp. 213–234. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301547
Haq S. N. (1996), “The Indians and Persian Background”, in Nasr S. H. and Leaman O. (eds), History of Islamic Philosophy, Routledge, Oxon, pp. 52–70. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003070733-7
Haque S. M. (1987), Ibn An-Nadim on Religious Sects in Ancient India, PhD Dissertation, University of Calcutta, Calcutta.
Heeren A. H. L. (1833), Historical Researches into the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Principal Nations of Antiquity, [Vol. III], D. A. Talboys, Oxford.
Herbert T. (1638), Some Yeares Travels into Divers Parts of Asia and Afrique..., Revised and Enlarged, Jacob Blome, London.
Hunter W. W. (1886), The Indian Empire: Its People, History, and Products, 2nd ed., Trubner & Co., London.
Jalki D. (2023), “Evolution of the Figure of the Brahmin in Early Muslim Writings”, Oñati Socio-Legal Series, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 29–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1318
Jaucourt L. de. (2012), “Samanén”, in The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d’Alembert – Collaborative Translation Project, translated by Langille E. M., Michigan Publishing, Ann Arbor, available at: http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0002.611 (accessed January 31, 2024).
Jerome Saint (1893), “Against Jovinianus: Book I”, in A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church. Second Series, Vol. VI, translated by Schaff P. and Wace H., The Christian Literature Company, New York, pp. 346–386.
Juncu M. (2016), India in the Italian Renaissance: Visions of a Contemporary Pagan World 1300–1600, Routledge, New York. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315696737
Karttunen K. (1997), India and the Hellenistic World, Finnish Oriental Society, Helsinki.
Kulke H. and Rothermund D. (1986), A History of India, Routledge, London.
Leathley B. (2019), Reassessing Rogerius’s Hinduism: Antiquarianism and Perennial Philosophy in the Making of Early Modern Religion, Master Thesis, Leiden University, Leiden.
Lempriere J. (1788), Bibliotheca Classica: Or, A Classical Dictionary..., Baker E. H. and Charles Anthon (eds), Reading, London.
Lopez Jr. D. S. (2013), From Stone to Flesh: A Short History of the Buddha, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226493213.001.0001
Lubin T. (2013), “Aśoka’s Disparagement of Domestic Ritual and Its Validation by the Brahmins”, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 29–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10781-013-9173-8
Majumdar R. C. (1960), The Classical Accounts of India, Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, Calcutta.
Massey W. M. (1752), “A Brief Account of the Brachmanes, or Bramins”, The London Magazine, Or, Gentleman’s Monthly Intelligencer, Vol. XXI, pp. 171–172.
Maurice T. (1794), Indian Antiquities or Dissertations ... of Hindostan..., Vol. V, Author and W. Richardson, London.
McCrindle J. W. (ed.) (1877), Ancient India as Described by Megasthenês and Arrian; Being a Translation of the Fragments of the Indika of Megasthenes Collected by Dr. Schwanbeck..., Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta.
Millar R. (1731), The History of the Propagation of Christianity and Overthrow of Paganism..., Vol. II, 3rd ed., A. Millar, London.
“Of the Bramins” (1731), in The Religious Ceremonies and Customs of the Several Nations of the Known World..., Vol. III, Nicholas Prevost, London, pp. 245–249.
Parker G. (2008), The Making of Roman India, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Parmar H. (2015), Strabo and India, PhD Dissertation, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh.
Penzer N. M. (ed.) (1937), The Most Noble and Famous Travels of Marco Polo Together with the Ttravels of Nicolo de’ Conti, translated by Frampton J., Adam and Charles Black, London.
Prichard J. C. (1819), An Analysis of the Egyptian Mythology: To Which Is Subjoined a Critical Examination of the Remains of Egyptian Chronology, J. and A. Arch.
Robertson W. (1804), An Historical Disquisition Concerning the Knowledge Which the Ancients Had of India..., 4th ed., T. Cadell and W. Davies, London.
Ross A. (1655), Pansebeia, or, A View of All Religions in the World ..., Printed by T. C. for John Saywell..., London, available at: http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A57667.0001.001 (accessed April 30, 2022).
Sale G., Psalmanazar G., Bower A., Shelvocke G. and Campbell J. (1748), An Universal History, from the Earliest Account of Time, [Vol. XX], T. Osborne, London.
Saran A. B. and Gaya P. (1992), Sun Worship in India: A Study of Deo Sun-Shrine, Northern Book Centre, New Delhi.
Smith V. A. (1904), The Early History of India: From 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest, Including the Invasion of Alexander the Great, The Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Srinivas M. N., Damle Y. B., Shahani S. and Beteille A. (1959), “Caste: A Trend Report and Bibliography”, Current Sociology, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 135–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001139215900800301
Stoneman R. (2022), Megasthenes’ Indica: A New Translation of the Fragments with Commentary, Routledge, Oxon. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009840X22000464
Stoneman R. (2019), The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks, Princeton University Press, Princeton. https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691154039.001.0001
Strabo (1917), The Geography of Strabo, [Vol. I], Translated by Jones H. L., William Heinemann, London. https://doi.org/10.4159/DLCL.strabo-geography.1917
Strabo (1930), The Geography of Strabo, [Vol. VII], Translated by Jones H. L., William Heinemann, London.
Sykes W. H. (1841), Notes on the Religious, Moral, and Political State of India Before the Mahomedan Invasion Chiefly Founded on the Travels of the Chinese Buddhist Priest Fai Han in India A.D. 399..., F. W. Calder, London.
Terry E. (1655), A Voyage to East-India..., T. W. for J. Martin, London, available at: https://ota.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repository/xmlui/handle/20.500.12024/A95658 (accessed November 11, 2023).
Thapar R. (1961), Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas, Oxford University Press, London.
Thapar R. (2002), The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300, Penguin Books, London.
Tozer H. F. (1897), A History of Ancient Geography, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Vaidya C. V. (1921), History of Mediæval Hindu India: (Being a History of India from 600 to 1200 A.D.), The Oriental Book Supplying Agency, Poona.
Varthema L. di (1863), The Travels of Ludovico Di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia, A.D. 1503 to 1508..., Badger G. P. (ed.), Translated by Jones J. W., Hakluyt Society, London.
Vassiliades D. Th. (2000), The Greeks in India: A Survey in Philosophical Understanding, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi.
Vassiliades D. Th. (2004), “Greeks and Buddhism: Historical Contacts in the Development of a Universal Religion”, The Eastern Buddhist, Vol. 36, No. 1/2, pp. 134–183.
Vincent D. D. W. (1797), The Voyage of Nearchus from the Indus to the Euphrates: Collected from the Original Journal Preserved by Arrian, and Illustrated by Authorities Ancient and Modern..., T. Longman et al., London.
Wheeler J. T. (1874), The History of India: Hindú, Buddhist, and Brahmanical, Trübner & Co., London.
Wilson H. H. (1846), Sketch of the Religious Sects of the Hindus, Bishop’s College Press, Calcutta.
Wilson J. (1877), Indian Caste, [Vol. 1], Times of India office, Bombay.
Witzel M. (2006), “Brahmanical Reactions to Foreign Influences and to Social and Religious Change”, in Olivelle P (ed.), Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 457–499. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305326.003.0017
Wotton W. (1705), Reflections Upon Ancient and Modern Learning..., 3rd corrected ed., Tim Goodwin, London.
Yamazaki G. (1997), “Introduction: Social Discrimination in Ancient India and Its Transition to the Medieval Period”, in Kotani H. (ed.), Caste System, Untouchability, and the Depressed, Manohar, New Delhi, pp. 3–20.
Ziegenbalg B. (1714), Propagation of the Gospel in the East: Being an Account of the Success of Two Danish Missionaries..., J. Downing, London.
Zwinger T. (1586), Theatrum Humanae Vitae, Per Eusebium Episcopum, Basileae.
Ця робота ліцензується відповідно до Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.