Від землі до нації: формування палестинської ідентичності (середина ХІХ ст. – 1920 р.)
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Анотація
Стаття пропонує трирівневу аналітичну модель формування палестинської ідентичності в період з 1830-х рр. до 1920 року. Перший рівень – земля і громада – розглядає систему колективного землекористування муша‘ як надконфесійний інститут, що забезпечував матеріальне підґрунтя спільної ідентичності. Другий рівень – кризи як каталізатори – аналізує єгипетську окупацію, повстання 1834 р., Танзимат і Земельний кодекс 1858 р. як структурні передумови. Третій рівень – інституційне оформлення – простежує роль арабської преси, нотабльських родин і православних інтелектуалів у наданні публічної форми палестинській ідентичності. Стаття залучає як примордіалістський, так і радикальноконструктивістський підходи, стверджуючи, що палестинська ідентичність мала глибоке матеріальне підґрунтя, водночас потребуючи специфічних інституційних умов для свого публічного оформлення. Порівняльний аргумент із Ліваном демонструє, що саме різні інституційні фільтри – а не “природний” характер громад – пояснюють розбіжні траєкторії формування ідентичності в цих двох регіонах. Методологічно стаття спирається на три групи джерел: арабомовну пресу пізньоосманського періоду та британські консульські архіви; теоретичну й порівняльну літературу з націєтворення та конфесійної ідентичності; а також українську та арабську історіографію, зокрема нові дослідження земельних відносин і циркуляції преси в османській Палестині. Аналіз поєднує грамшіанське поняття “органічних інтелектуалів” і концепцію Скотта “прихованих транскриптів” для пояснення того, як селянський досвід землі та конфесійної практики трансформувався в елітарний публічний дискурс. Поєднуючи матеріальний, кризовий та інституційний виміри в єдиній пояснювальній моделі, стаття заповнює прогалину в наявній історіографії, яка традиційно розглядає ці три виміри окремо.
Як цитувати
Семиволос, І. М. (2026). Від землі до нації: формування палестинської ідентичності (середина ХІХ ст. – 1920 р.). Східний світ, (3 (132), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.15407/orientw2026.03.017
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Ключові слова
газета “Філястин”; муша‘; націєтворення; османська Палестина; палестинська ідентичність; сіонізм; Танзимат
Посилання
Семиволос І. М. (2010), “Земельний кодекс 1858 року та його вплив на формування земельних відносин у Палестині”, в Орієнтальні студії в Україні. До ювілею Л. В. Матвєєвої, Інститут сходознавства ім. А. Ю. Кримського НАН України, Київ, с. 439–451.
Семиволос І. М. (2026), “Муша‘: система колективного землекористування в Палестині в контексті Османського земельного кодексу 1858 року та британського мандата”, Сходознавство, № 97, с. 27–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/skhodoznavstvo2026.97.027
Abu-Manneh B. (1999), “The Rise of the Sanjak of Jerusalem in the Late Nineteenth Century”, in Pappé I. (ed.), The Israel/Palestine Question, Routledge, London, pp. 36–45.
Anderson B. (1983), Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, Verso, London.
Atran S. (1986), “Ḥamula Organisation and Masha’a Tenure in Palestine”, Man, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 271–295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2803160
Beška E. (2024), “From Press Boom to Consolidation: The Circulation of Palestinian Arabic Periodicals in the Late Ottoman Era (1908–1914)”, Asian and African Studies, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 1–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31577/aassav.2024.33.1.01
Beška E. and Foster Z. (2021), “The Origins of the Term ‘Palestinian’ (‘Filasṭīnī’) in Late Ottoman Palestine, 1898–1914”, Academia Letters, Article 1884. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20935/AL1884
Büssow J. (2011), Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem, 1872–1908, Brill, Leiden. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004205697.i-620
Chatterjee P. (1993), The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories, Princeton University Press, Princeton. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvzgb88s
Eldin M. F. (2023), “The Middle Class and the Land Struggle in Palestine: Revisiting the Colonial Encounter in the Beisan Valley, 1908–1948”, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 249–261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201X10896552
Fawaz L. (1994), An Occasion for War: Civil Strife in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860, University of California Press, Berkeley.
“Filastin” (1911–1914), in The National Library of Israel, available at: https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/falastin (accessed May 29, 2026).
Foster Z. (2019), “The 1872 Administrative Boundary and Palestinian Identity”, Jerusalem Quarterly, No. 78, pp. 5–22.
Gellner E. (1983), Nations and Nationalism, Blackwell, Oxford.
Gramsci A. (1971), Selections from the Prison Notebooks, Q. Hoare and G. Nowell-Smith (ed. and trans.), International Publishers, New York.
Hopwood D. (1969), The Russian Presence in Syria and Palestine, 1843–1914, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Inalcik H. and Quataert D. (eds) (1994), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Irving S. (2024), “Land, Indigeneity and Archaeological Ruins in Ottoman Palestine: The People of Beit Jibrin and the Palestine Exploration Fund”, European Review of History: Revue Européenne d’histoire, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 861–875. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2024.2323199
Karpat K. H. (1985), Ottoman Population, 1830–1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
Khalidi R. (1997), Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness, Columbia University Press, New York.
Khalidi R. (2020), The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017, Metropolitan Books, New York.
Khalidi W. (ed.) (1987), From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948, 2nd ed., Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington, DC.
Kimmerling B. (2008), “The Formation Process of Palestinian Collective Identities: The Ottoman and Colonial Periods”, in Clash of Identities: Explorations in Israeli and Palestinian Societies, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 67–92.
Kimmerling B. and Migdal J. S. (2003), The Palestinian People: A History, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA).
Makdisi U. (2000), The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Manna A. (1986), A’yan Filastin fi Awakhir al-‘Ahd al-‘Uthmani, Institute for Palestine Studies, Beirut.
Maoz M. (1968), Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine, 1840–1861, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
McCarthy J. (1990), The Population of Palestine: Population History and Statistics of the Late Ottoman Period and the Mandate, Columbia University Press, New York.
Mundy M. and Smith R. S. (2007), Governing Property, Making the Modern State: Law, Administration and Production in Ottoman Syria, I. B. Tauris, London.
Muslih M. Y. (1988), The Origins of Palestinian Nationalism, Columbia University Press, New York.
Porath Y. (1974), The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement, 1918–1929, Frank Cass, London.
Sakakini K. (2003–2010), Yawmiyyat Khalil al-Sakakini: Yawmiyyat, Rasa’il, Ta’ammulat, A. Musallam (ed.), 8 vols, Institute for Jerusalem Studies / Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center, Ramallah.
Schölch A. (1993), Palestine in Transformation, 1856–1882: Studies in Social, Economic and Political Development, Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington.
Scott J. C. (1990), Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Shapira A. (1992), Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881–1948, Oxford University Press, New York.
The National Archives (TNA), Kew, FO 195 (Foreign Office: Embassy and Consulates, Turkey, General Correspondence), Jerusalem Consulate files, 1872–1908.
REFERENCES
Semyvolos I. M. (2010), “Zemel’nyy kodeks 1858 roku ta yoho vplyv na formuvannya zemel’nykh vidnosyn u Palestyni”, in Oriyental’ni studiyi v Ukrayini. Do yuvileyu L. V. Matvyeyevoyi, A. Yu. Krymskyi Institute of Oriental Studies, Kyiv, pp. 439–451. (In Ukrainian).
Semyvolos I. M. (2026), “Musha‘: systema kolektyvnoho zemlekorystuvannya v Palestyni v konteksti Osmans’koho zemel’noho kodeksu 1858 roku ta brytans’koho mandata”, Shodoznavstvo, No. 97, pp. 27–50. (In Ukrainian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/skhodoznavstvo2026.97.027
Abu-Manneh B. (1999), “The Rise of the Sanjak of Jerusalem in the Late Nineteenth Century”, in Pappé I. (ed.), The Israel/Palestine Question, Routledge, London, pp. 36–45.
Anderson B. (1983), Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, Verso, London.
Atran S. (1986), “Ḥamula Organisation and Masha’a Tenure in Palestine”, Man, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 271–295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2803160
Beška E. (2024), “From Press Boom to Consolidation: The Circulation of Palestinian Arabic Periodicals in the Late Ottoman Era (1908–1914)”, Asian and African Studies, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 1–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31577/aassav.2024.33.1.01
Beška E. and Foster Z. (2021), “The Origins of the Term ‘Palestinian’ (‘Filasṭīnī’) in Late Ottoman Palestine, 1898–1914”, Academia Letters, Article 1884. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20935/AL1884
Büssow J. (2011), Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem, 1872–1908, Brill, Leiden. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004205697.i-620
Chatterjee P. (1993), The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories, Princeton University Press, Princeton. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvzgb88s
Eldin M. F. (2023), “The Middle Class and the Land Struggle in Palestine: Revisiting the Colonial Encounter in the Beisan Valley, 1908–1948”, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 249–261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201X10896552
Fawaz L. (1994), An Occasion for War: Civil Strife in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860, University of California Press, Berkeley.
“Filastin” (1911–1914), in The National Library of Israel, available at: https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/falastin (accessed May 29, 2026). (In Arabic).
Foster Z. (2019), “The 1872 Administrative Boundary and Palestinian Identity”, Jerusalem Quarterly, No. 78, pp. 5–22.
Gellner E. (1983), Nations and Nationalism, Blackwell, Oxford.
Gramsci A. (1971), Selections from the Prison Notebooks, Q. Hoare and G. Nowell-Smith (ed. and trans.), International Publishers, New York.
Hopwood D. (1969), The Russian Presence in Syria and Palestine, 1843–1914, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Inalcik H. and Quataert D. (eds) (1994), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Irving S. (2024), “Land, Indigeneity and Archaeological Ruins in Ottoman Palestine: The People of Beit Jibrin and the Palestine Exploration Fund”, European Review of History: Revue Européenne d’histoire, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 861–875. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2024.2323199
Karpat K. H. (1985), Ottoman Population, 1830–1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
Khalidi R. (1997), Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness, Columbia University Press, New York.
Khalidi R. (2020), The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017, Metropolitan Books, New York.
Khalidi W. (ed.) (1987), From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948, 2nd ed., Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington, DC.
Kimmerling B. (2008), “The Formation Process of Palestinian Collective Identities: The Ottoman and Colonial Periods”, in Clash of Identities: Explorations in Israeli and Palestinian Societies, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 67–92.
Kimmerling B. and Migdal J. S. (2003), The Palestinian People: A History, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA).
Makdisi U. (2000), The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Manna A. (1986), A’yan Filastin fi Awakhir al-‘Ahd al-‘Uthmani, Institute for Palestine Studies, Beirut. (In Arabic).
Maoz M. (1968), Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine, 1840–1861, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
McCarthy J. (1990), The Population of Palestine: Population History and Statistics of the Late Ottoman Period and the Mandate, Columbia University Press, New York.
Mundy M. and Smith R. S. (2007), Governing Property, Making the Modern State: Law, Administration and Production in Ottoman Syria, I. B. Tauris, London.
Muslih M. Y. (1988), The Origins of Palestinian Nationalism, Columbia University Press, New York.
Porath Y. (1974), The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement, 1918–1929, Frank Cass, London.
Sakakini K. (2003–2010), Yawmiyyat Khalil al-Sakakini: Yawmiyyat, Rasa’il, Ta’ammulat, A. Musallam (ed.), 8 vols, Institute for Jerusalem Studies / Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center, Ramallah. (In Arabic).
Schölch A. (1993), Palestine in Transformation, 1856–1882: Studies in Social, Economic and Political Development, Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington.
Scott J. C. (1990), Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Shapira A. (1992), Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881–1948, Oxford University Press, New York.
The National Archives (TNA), Kew, FO 195 (Foreign Office: Embassy and Consulates, Turkey, General Correspondence), Jerusalem Consulate files, 1872–1908.
Семиволос І. М. (2026), “Муша‘: система колективного землекористування в Палестині в контексті Османського земельного кодексу 1858 року та британського мандата”, Сходознавство, № 97, с. 27–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/skhodoznavstvo2026.97.027
Abu-Manneh B. (1999), “The Rise of the Sanjak of Jerusalem in the Late Nineteenth Century”, in Pappé I. (ed.), The Israel/Palestine Question, Routledge, London, pp. 36–45.
Anderson B. (1983), Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, Verso, London.
Atran S. (1986), “Ḥamula Organisation and Masha’a Tenure in Palestine”, Man, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 271–295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2803160
Beška E. (2024), “From Press Boom to Consolidation: The Circulation of Palestinian Arabic Periodicals in the Late Ottoman Era (1908–1914)”, Asian and African Studies, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 1–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31577/aassav.2024.33.1.01
Beška E. and Foster Z. (2021), “The Origins of the Term ‘Palestinian’ (‘Filasṭīnī’) in Late Ottoman Palestine, 1898–1914”, Academia Letters, Article 1884. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20935/AL1884
Büssow J. (2011), Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem, 1872–1908, Brill, Leiden. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004205697.i-620
Chatterjee P. (1993), The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories, Princeton University Press, Princeton. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvzgb88s
Eldin M. F. (2023), “The Middle Class and the Land Struggle in Palestine: Revisiting the Colonial Encounter in the Beisan Valley, 1908–1948”, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 249–261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201X10896552
Fawaz L. (1994), An Occasion for War: Civil Strife in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860, University of California Press, Berkeley.
“Filastin” (1911–1914), in The National Library of Israel, available at: https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/falastin (accessed May 29, 2026).
Foster Z. (2019), “The 1872 Administrative Boundary and Palestinian Identity”, Jerusalem Quarterly, No. 78, pp. 5–22.
Gellner E. (1983), Nations and Nationalism, Blackwell, Oxford.
Gramsci A. (1971), Selections from the Prison Notebooks, Q. Hoare and G. Nowell-Smith (ed. and trans.), International Publishers, New York.
Hopwood D. (1969), The Russian Presence in Syria and Palestine, 1843–1914, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Inalcik H. and Quataert D. (eds) (1994), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Irving S. (2024), “Land, Indigeneity and Archaeological Ruins in Ottoman Palestine: The People of Beit Jibrin and the Palestine Exploration Fund”, European Review of History: Revue Européenne d’histoire, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 861–875. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2024.2323199
Karpat K. H. (1985), Ottoman Population, 1830–1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
Khalidi R. (1997), Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness, Columbia University Press, New York.
Khalidi R. (2020), The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017, Metropolitan Books, New York.
Khalidi W. (ed.) (1987), From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948, 2nd ed., Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington, DC.
Kimmerling B. (2008), “The Formation Process of Palestinian Collective Identities: The Ottoman and Colonial Periods”, in Clash of Identities: Explorations in Israeli and Palestinian Societies, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 67–92.
Kimmerling B. and Migdal J. S. (2003), The Palestinian People: A History, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA).
Makdisi U. (2000), The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Manna A. (1986), A’yan Filastin fi Awakhir al-‘Ahd al-‘Uthmani, Institute for Palestine Studies, Beirut.
Maoz M. (1968), Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine, 1840–1861, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
McCarthy J. (1990), The Population of Palestine: Population History and Statistics of the Late Ottoman Period and the Mandate, Columbia University Press, New York.
Mundy M. and Smith R. S. (2007), Governing Property, Making the Modern State: Law, Administration and Production in Ottoman Syria, I. B. Tauris, London.
Muslih M. Y. (1988), The Origins of Palestinian Nationalism, Columbia University Press, New York.
Porath Y. (1974), The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement, 1918–1929, Frank Cass, London.
Sakakini K. (2003–2010), Yawmiyyat Khalil al-Sakakini: Yawmiyyat, Rasa’il, Ta’ammulat, A. Musallam (ed.), 8 vols, Institute for Jerusalem Studies / Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center, Ramallah.
Schölch A. (1993), Palestine in Transformation, 1856–1882: Studies in Social, Economic and Political Development, Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington.
Scott J. C. (1990), Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Shapira A. (1992), Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881–1948, Oxford University Press, New York.
The National Archives (TNA), Kew, FO 195 (Foreign Office: Embassy and Consulates, Turkey, General Correspondence), Jerusalem Consulate files, 1872–1908.
REFERENCES
Semyvolos I. M. (2010), “Zemel’nyy kodeks 1858 roku ta yoho vplyv na formuvannya zemel’nykh vidnosyn u Palestyni”, in Oriyental’ni studiyi v Ukrayini. Do yuvileyu L. V. Matvyeyevoyi, A. Yu. Krymskyi Institute of Oriental Studies, Kyiv, pp. 439–451. (In Ukrainian).
Semyvolos I. M. (2026), “Musha‘: systema kolektyvnoho zemlekorystuvannya v Palestyni v konteksti Osmans’koho zemel’noho kodeksu 1858 roku ta brytans’koho mandata”, Shodoznavstvo, No. 97, pp. 27–50. (In Ukrainian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/skhodoznavstvo2026.97.027
Abu-Manneh B. (1999), “The Rise of the Sanjak of Jerusalem in the Late Nineteenth Century”, in Pappé I. (ed.), The Israel/Palestine Question, Routledge, London, pp. 36–45.
Anderson B. (1983), Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, Verso, London.
Atran S. (1986), “Ḥamula Organisation and Masha’a Tenure in Palestine”, Man, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 271–295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2803160
Beška E. (2024), “From Press Boom to Consolidation: The Circulation of Palestinian Arabic Periodicals in the Late Ottoman Era (1908–1914)”, Asian and African Studies, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 1–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31577/aassav.2024.33.1.01
Beška E. and Foster Z. (2021), “The Origins of the Term ‘Palestinian’ (‘Filasṭīnī’) in Late Ottoman Palestine, 1898–1914”, Academia Letters, Article 1884. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20935/AL1884
Büssow J. (2011), Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem, 1872–1908, Brill, Leiden. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004205697.i-620
Chatterjee P. (1993), The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories, Princeton University Press, Princeton. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvzgb88s
Eldin M. F. (2023), “The Middle Class and the Land Struggle in Palestine: Revisiting the Colonial Encounter in the Beisan Valley, 1908–1948”, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 249–261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201X10896552
Fawaz L. (1994), An Occasion for War: Civil Strife in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860, University of California Press, Berkeley.
“Filastin” (1911–1914), in The National Library of Israel, available at: https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/falastin (accessed May 29, 2026). (In Arabic).
Foster Z. (2019), “The 1872 Administrative Boundary and Palestinian Identity”, Jerusalem Quarterly, No. 78, pp. 5–22.
Gellner E. (1983), Nations and Nationalism, Blackwell, Oxford.
Gramsci A. (1971), Selections from the Prison Notebooks, Q. Hoare and G. Nowell-Smith (ed. and trans.), International Publishers, New York.
Hopwood D. (1969), The Russian Presence in Syria and Palestine, 1843–1914, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Inalcik H. and Quataert D. (eds) (1994), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Irving S. (2024), “Land, Indigeneity and Archaeological Ruins in Ottoman Palestine: The People of Beit Jibrin and the Palestine Exploration Fund”, European Review of History: Revue Européenne d’histoire, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 861–875. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2024.2323199
Karpat K. H. (1985), Ottoman Population, 1830–1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
Khalidi R. (1997), Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness, Columbia University Press, New York.
Khalidi R. (2020), The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017, Metropolitan Books, New York.
Khalidi W. (ed.) (1987), From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948, 2nd ed., Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington, DC.
Kimmerling B. (2008), “The Formation Process of Palestinian Collective Identities: The Ottoman and Colonial Periods”, in Clash of Identities: Explorations in Israeli and Palestinian Societies, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 67–92.
Kimmerling B. and Migdal J. S. (2003), The Palestinian People: A History, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA).
Makdisi U. (2000), The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Manna A. (1986), A’yan Filastin fi Awakhir al-‘Ahd al-‘Uthmani, Institute for Palestine Studies, Beirut. (In Arabic).
Maoz M. (1968), Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine, 1840–1861, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
McCarthy J. (1990), The Population of Palestine: Population History and Statistics of the Late Ottoman Period and the Mandate, Columbia University Press, New York.
Mundy M. and Smith R. S. (2007), Governing Property, Making the Modern State: Law, Administration and Production in Ottoman Syria, I. B. Tauris, London.
Muslih M. Y. (1988), The Origins of Palestinian Nationalism, Columbia University Press, New York.
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