SPELL 41 OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN BOOK OF THE DEAD: TEXT AND VIGNETTES
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Abstract
The paper proposes the first Ukrainian translation of the 41st chapter of the Book of the Dead based on the text of the papyrus of Nebseni (pLondon BM EA 9900, Saqqara, 18th Dynasty). The spell have a title: “Spell for warding off the slaughter that is done in the Necropolis”. For all periods of the functioning of the Book of the Dead its spell 41 is known from 115 copies presented on papyri (101), mummy bandages (9), decoration of tombs (4) and coffin (1). The records of the 41st chapter from the time of the New kingdom are known from eight scrolls only. All documents are dated by the 18th Dynasty (1550–1295 BC). From the Ramesside Period the documents with the 41st chapter are absent. The use of this spell resumed only in the Third Intermediate Period. Among all 18th Dynasty copies of this spell the text version in the papyrus of Nebseni is the largest and the best preserved one. The article reviews the history of the development of the text of the spell at all phases of the evolution of this collection. The overview of development of pictorial tradition of the spell is also provided. Formation of the iconography of vignettes of the 41st chapter in the late Book of the Dead redaction is based on the elements of another spell, the 42nd chapter of the Book of the Dead, which has a similar heading: “Spell for warding off the slaughter that is done in Heracleopolis Magna (Nen-nesut)”. In the later pictorial tradition of the chapter 42 former methods of illustration disappear and a new type of iconographic images that inherits to type “B” appears, while type “A” vignettes of the spell 42 were transformed into the chapter 41 vignettes. It should be noted that in the New Kingdom the chapter 41 was almost not illustrated: its only vignette is found in the papyrus of Neferubenef pParis Louvre N. 3092. Finally, the genetic connection of vignettes of the chapters 41 and 42 is attested by the fact that in the 18 sources representing the Late and Ptolemaic Periods the text of spell 42 is illustrated with the vignettes of spell 41.
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Ancient Egypt, Book of the Dead, Spell 41, Vignettes
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Тарасенко Н. А. 41-я глава Книги мертвых (текст Нового царства) // Aegyptiaca Rossica / Под. ред. М. А. Чегодаева, Н. В. Лаврентьевой. Вып. 3. Москва, 2015.
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Allen T. G. The Egyptian Book of the Dead Documents in the Oriental Institute Museum at the University of Chicago / OIP. Vol. LXXXII. Chicago, 1960.
Allen T. G. The Book of the Dead or Going Forth by Day. Ideas of the Ancient Egyptians concerning the Hereafter as expressed in their own Terms // SAOC. Vol. 37. Chicago, 1974.
Assmann J. The Mind of Egypt. History and Meaning in the Time of the Pharaohs / Transl. by D. Lorton. New York, 2002.
Barguet P. Le Livre des Morts des anciens Égyptiens. Introduction, traduction, commentaire / LAPO. T. 1. Paris, 1967.
Barguet P. Textes des Sarcophages Égyptiens du Moyen Empire. Introduction et traduction / LAPO. T. 12. Paris, 1986.
Bibliographie zum altägyptischen Totenbuch. 2., erweiterte Auflage / Bearb. von B. Backes, S. A. Gülden, H. Kockelmann, M. Müller-Roth und S. Stöhr / SAT. Bd. 13. Wiesbaden, 2009.
Borghouts J. F. Book of the Dead [39]. From Shouting to Structure / SAT. Bd. 10. Wiesbaden, 2007.
Borghouts J. Egyptian. An Introduction to the Writing and Language of the Middle Kingdom. Vol. I / Egyptologische Uitgaven. T. XXIV, I. Leiden, 2010.
Budge E. A. W. The Book of the Dead: the Chapters of Coming Forth by Day; the Egyptian text according to the Theban Recension in Hieroglyphic, edited from numerous papyri, with a translation, vocabulary, etc. Vol. I–II. London, 1898.
Carrier Cl. Le Livre des Morts de l’Égypte ancienne / Melchat. T. 1. Paris, 2009.
Einaudi S. Le Livre des Morts dans les tombes monumentales tardives de l’Assassif // BSFÉ, 2012, № 183.
El-Sayed R. Un document relatif au culte dans Kher-Aha (statue Caire CG 682) // BIFAO. T. 82. 1982.
Faulkner R. O. The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead / Ed. by C. Andrews. Austin, 2001.
Galán J. M. The Book of the Dead in Djehuty’s burial chamber // Egyptian Archaeology, 2013, № 42.
Gardiner A. H. Egyptian Grammar. Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs. 3rd Ed. London – Oxford, 1958.
Guilhou N. La protection du cadavre dans le Livre des Morts: gestes rituels et de devenir de l’être // EAO, 2006, № 23.
Hayes W. C. A Selection of Tuthmoside Ostraca from Dēr El-Bahri // JEA. Vol. 46. 1960.
Hornung E. Das Totenbuch der Ägypter. Eingeleitet, übersetzt und erläutert. Düßeldorf, 2004.
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Lapp G. Bemerkungen zur Bedeutung des Papurys Nebseni (BM EA 9900) // JEA. Vol. 97. 2011.
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Naville E. Papyrus funéraires de la XXIe dynastie. II. Le papyrus hiératique de Katseshni au Musée du Caire. Paris, 1914.
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Allen T. G. (1950), Occurrences of Pyramid Texts with cross indexes of these and other Egyptian mortuary texts, SAOC, Vol. 27, Chicago.
Allen T. G. (1960), The Egyptian Book of the Dead Documents in the Oriental Institute Museum at the University of Chicago, OIP, Vol. LXXXII, Chicago.
Allen T. G. (1974), The Book of the Dead or Going Forth by Day. Ideas of the Ancient Egyptians concerning the Hereafter as expressed in their own Terms, SAOC, Vol. 37, Chicago.
Assmann J. (2002), The Mind of Egypt. History and Meaning in the Time of the Pharaohs; Transl. by D. Lorton, New York.
Barguet P. (1967), Le Livre des Morts des anciens Égyptiens. Introduction, traduction, commentaire, LAPO, T. 1, Paris.
Barguet P. (1986), Textes des Sarcophages Égyptiens du Moyen Empire. Introduction et traduction, LAPO, T. 12, Paris.
Bibliographie zum altägyptischen Totenbuch. 2., erweiterte Auflage (2009), Bearb. von B. Backes, S. A. Gülden, H. Kockelmann, M. Müller-Roth und S. Stöhr, SAT, Bd. 13, Wiesbaden.
Borghouts J. F. (2007), Book of the Dead [39]. From Shouting to Structure, SAT, Bd. 10, Wiesbaden.
Borghouts J. F. (2010), Egyptian. An Introduction to the Writing and Language of the Middle Kingdom, vol. I, Egyptologische Uitgaven, T. XXIV, I, Leiden.
Budge E. A. W. (1898), The Book of the Dead: the Chapters of Coming Forth by Day; the Egyptian text according to the Theban Recension in Hieroglyphic, edited from numerous papyri, with a translation, vocabulary, etc., Vol. I–II, London.
Carrier Cl. (2009), Le Livre des Morts de l’Égypte ancienne, Melchat, T. 1, Paris.
Einaudi S. (2012), “Le Livre des Morts dans les tombes monumentales tardives de l’Assassif”, BSFÉ, No. 183.
El-Sayed R. (1982), “Un document relatif au culte dans Kher-Aha (statue Caire CG 682)”, BIFAO, T. 82.
Faulkner R. O. (2001), C. Andrews (ed.), The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead, Austin.
Galán J. M. (2013), “The Book of the Dead in Djehuty’s burial chamber”, Egyptian Archaeology, No. 42.
Gardiner A. H. (1958), Egyptian Grammar. Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, 3rd Ed., London and Oxford.
Guilhou N. (2006), “La protection du cadavre dans le Livre des Morts: gestes rituels et de devenir de l’être”, EAO, No. 23.
Hayes W. C. (1960), “A Selection of Tuthmoside Ostraca from Dēr El-Bahri”, JEA, Vol. 46.
Hornung E. (2004), Das Totenbuch der Ägypter. Eingeleitet, übersetzt und erläutert, Düßeldorf.
Journey through the Afterlife. Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead (2010), J. Taylor (ed.), London.
Kandil H. A. A. (2009), “The Role of the Knife in the Ancient Egyptian Beliefs”, in B. S. El-Sharkawy (ed.), The Horizon, Vol. III: Studies in Egyptology in Honour of M. A. Nur El-Din, Cairo.
Lapp G. (2004), The Papyrus of Nebseni, Catalogue of the Book of the Dead in the British Museum, Vol. III, London.
Lapp G. (2008), Totenbuch Spruch 125, Totenbuchtexte, Bd. 3, Basel.
Lapp G. (2011), “Bemerkungen zur Bedeutung des Papurys Nebseni (BM EA 9900)”, JEA, Vol. 97.
Le Page Renouf P. (1893), “The Book of the Dead. Chapters XXXVIII–XLI”, PSBA, Vol. 15.
Le Page Renouf P. (1904), The Book of the Dead. Translation and Commentary, Paris.
Lepsius R. (1842), Das Todtenbuch der Ägypter nach dem hieroglyphischen Papyrus in Turin, Leipzig.
Lesko L. H. (1979), Index of the Spells on Egyptian Middle Kingdom Coffins and Related Documents, Berkeley.
Lucarelli R. (2002), “Chapter 41B of the Book of the Dead”, JEOL, Vol. 37.
Lucarelli R. (2006), The Book of the Dead of Gatseshen. Ancient Egyptian Funerary Religion in the 10th Century B. C., Egyptologische Uitgaven, T. 21, Leiden.
Lucarelli R. (2007), “The Vignette of Ch. 40 of the Book of the Dead”, in J.-Cl. Goyon and Chr. Cardin (eds.), Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Egyptologists (Grenoble, 6−12 septembre 2004), OLA, T. 150, Leuven.
Luft U. (1977), “Das Totenbuch des Ptahmose. Papyrus Kraków MNK IX−752 / 1−4”, ZÄS, Bd. 104. https://doi.org/10.1524/zaes.1977.104.jg.46
Milde H. (1991), The Vignettes in the Book of the Dead of Neferrenpet, Egyptologische Uitgaven, T. 7, Leiden.
Mosher M., Jr. (1990), The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead in the Late Period: A Study of Revisions Evident in Evolving Vignettes, and Possible Chronological or Geographical Implications for Differing Versions of Vignettes, Dissertation, Berkley.
Munro I. (1988), Untersuchungen zu den Totenbuch-Papyri der 18. Dynastie. Kriterien ihren Datierung, London and New York.
Munro I. (1994), Die Totenbuch-Handschriften der 18. Dynastie im Ägyptischen Museum Cairo, Bd. I–II, ÄA, Bd. 54, Wiesbaden.
Munro I. (2001), Das Totenbuch des Pa-en-nesti-taui aus der Regierungszeit des Amenemope (pLondon BM 10064), HAT, Bd. 7, Wiesbaden.
Munro I. (2009), Der Totenbuch-Papyrus des Hor aus frühen Ptolemäerzeit (pCologny Bodmer-Stiftung CV + pCincinnati Art Museum 1947.369 + pDenver Art Museum 1954.61), HAT, Bd. 9, Wiesbaden.
Naville E. (1886), Das Aegyptische Todtenbuch der XVIII. bis XX. Dynastie, Bd. I–II, Berlin.
Naville E. (1914), Papyrus funéraires de la XXIe dynastie. II. Le papyrus hiératique de Katseshni au Musée du Caire, Paris.
Quirke St. (1993), Owners of Funerary Papyri in the British Museum, British Museum Occasional Paper, No. 92, London.
Quirke St. (2013), Going out in Daylight prt m hrw. The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead. Translation, sources, meanings, London.
Ratié S. (1968), Le papyrus de Neferouebenef, BdÉ, T. 43, Le Caire.
Raven M. J. (2010), “Book of the Dead documents from the New Kingdom necropolis at Saqqara”, British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan, Vol. 15.
Tarasenko M. (2009), “The BD 42 vignettes during the New Kingdom and Third intermediate Period”, in B. Backes, M. Müller-Roth and S. Stöhr (eds.), Ausgestattet mit den Schriften des Thot. Festschrift für Irmtraut Munro zu ihrem 65. Geburtstag, SAT, Bd. 14, Wiesbaden.
Verhoeven U. (ed.) (1993), Das Saitische Totenbuch der Iahtesnacht. P. Colon. Aeg. 10207, Bd. I–III, Papyrologische Texte und Abhandlungen, Bd. 41 / 1–3, Bonn.
Wiese A. and Brodbeck, A. (2004), Tutankhamun. Das goldene Jenseits. Grabschätze aus dem Tal der Könige, München.
Willems H. (1988), Chest of Life. A Study of the Typology and Conceptual Development of Middle Kingdom Standard Class Coffins, MEOL, Vol. 25, Leiden.
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