ДУАМУТЕФ, КЕБЕХСЕНУФ, АМСЕТІ ТА ХАПІ В ЄГИПТОЛОГІЇ: СТАН РОЗРОБКИ ОБРАЗУ

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

  К. Ю. Масалова

Анотація

У статті пропонується огляд досліджень, присвячених четвірці пов’язаних між собою богів. Цих богів: Хапі, Дуамутефа, Кебехсенуфа та Амсеті – узагальнено називають дітьми Хора, вслід за давньоєгипетськими релігійними текстами. Навіть у сучасних єгиптологічних роботах домінує думка, що головною функцією богів була охорона органів померлого. А проте окремі дослідження показують, що ця функція була далеко не єдиною і, скоріше за все, не головною. Одним із джерел, що підтверджують таку позицію, є давньоєгипетська Книга мертвих, в котрій ці боги представляються у різноманітних контекстах. У цьому дослідженні розглядаються усі відомі праці, що тією чи іншою мірою стосуються теми ролі цих божеств у вищезгаданій збірці релігійно-заупокійної літератури, а також у давньоєгипетській міфології в цілому.

Як цитувати

Масалова, К. Ю. (2014). ДУАМУТЕФ, КЕБЕХСЕНУФ, АМСЕТІ ТА ХАПІ В ЄГИПТОЛОГІЇ: СТАН РОЗРОБКИ ОБРАЗУ. Східний світ, (3 (84), 53-66. https://doi.org/10.15407/orientw2014.03.053
Переглядів статті: 37 | Завантажень PDF: 27

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

Ключові слова

єгиптологія, Амсеті, давньоєгипетська міфологія, Дуамутеф, Кебехсенуф, Книга мертвих, Хапі

Посилання

Авдиев В. И. Сцена бальзамирования в древнеегипетском искусстве // Труды ГМИИ им. А. С. Пушкина. Серия искусствоведческих исследований; т. 6. Москва – Ленинград, 1939.

Волков И. М. Древнеегипетский бог Себек. Петроград, 1917.

Малых С. Е. Новые данные об использовании каноп в эпоху Древнего царства // ВДИ, 2010, № 4.

Павлова О. И. Амон Фиванский: ранняя история культа (V–XVII династии). Москва, 1984.

Рубинштейн Р. И. Погребальные обряды по 151-й главе “Книги мертвых” // Тутанхамон и его время. Москва, 1976.

Allen T. G. The Book of the Dead or Going Forth by Day. Ideas of the Ancient Egyptians concerning the Hereafter as expressed in their own Terms / SAOC. Vol. 37. Chicago, 1974.

Assmann J. Harfnerlied und Horussöhne: Zwei Blöcke aus dem Verschollenen Grab des Bürgermeisters Amenemhēt (Theben nr. 163) im Britischen Museum // JEA. Vol. 65. 1979. https://doi.org/10.2307/3856566

Aston D. A. Review: The Canopic Equipment of the Kings of Egypt by Aidan Dodson // JEA. Vol. 82. 1996. https://doi.org/10.2307/3822131

Baron A. Terence DuQuesne R. I. P. (posted on: 23 April, 2014) [Електронний ресурс]. Режим доступу: http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/16942364-terence-duquesne-rip

Bauval R. G., Gilbert A. G. The Adze of Upuaut: The Opening of the Mouth Ceremony and the Northern Shafts in Cheops’s Pyramid // DE. Vol. 28. 1994.

Berlev O., Hodjash S. Catalogue of the Monuments of Ancient Egypt: From the Museums of the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Bielorussia, Caucasus, Middle Asia and the Baltic States / OBO. Bd. 17. Fribourg – Göttingen, 1998.

Billing N. Nut. The Goddess of Life in Text and Iconography // Uppsala Studies in Egypto-logy. Vol. 5. Uppsala, 2002.

Bochi P. A. A Note on the Canopic Jars of Pentaweret (WAG 48.432–435) // GM. Bd. 148. 1995.

Bonnet H. Lexikon der ägyptischen Religionsgeschichte. Berlin, 1952.

Borchardt L. Der Kanopenkasten des Königs %bk-m-sAf // ZÄS. Bd. 32. 1894. https://doi.org/10.1524/zaes.1894.32.jg.23

Budge W. E. A. A Catalogue of the Egyptian Collection in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Cambridge, 1893.

Budge W. E. A. The Mummy: A Handbook of Egyptian Funerary Archaeology. New York, 1989.

Bunson M. R. Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Revised Edition. New York, 2002.

Cassirer M. Two Canopic Jars of the Eighteenth Dynasty // JEA. Vol. 41. 1955. https://doi.org/10.2307/3855253

Dobrowolska K. Génèse et evolution des boîtes à vases-canopes // Travaux du Centre d’Archéologie méditerranéenne de l’académie polonaise des Sciences. T. X, Études et travaux, T. 4. Warszawa, 1970 (non vidi).

Dodson A. A Fragment of Canopic Chest in Sir John Soane’s Museum // JEA. Vol. 71. 1985. https://doi.org/10.2307/3821726

Dodson A. The Canopic Equipment of the Kings of Egypt / With contributions by O. J. Schaden, E. C. Brock and M. Collier. London, 1994.

Dodson A. An Unusual Canopic Jar in the Royal Ontario Museum // JEA. Vol. 82. 1996. https://doi.org/10.2307/3822129

Dodson A. Canopics // Oxford Companion to the Valley of the Kings (in print).

Dodson A., Ikram S. The Mummy in Ancient Egypt: Equipping the Dead for Eternity. London, 1998.

Dor L. De l’évolution des vases canopes depuis leur origine jusqu’à l’époque Romaine: Diss. Paris, 1937 (non vidi).

DuQuesne T. Review: Dodson A. The Canopic equipment of the kings of Egypt. With contributions by Otto J. Schaden, Edwin C. Brock, and Mark Collier. Kegan Paul International: London, 1994 // DE. Vol. 34. 1996.

DuQuesne T. The Jackal Divinities of Egypt. I. From the Archaic Period to Dynasty X / Oxfordshire Communications in Egyptology. Vol. VI. London, 2005.

DuQuesne T., Fatah M. A., Hawass Z., el-Saddik W. Anubis, Upwawet, and other deities. Personal worship and official religion in Ancient Egypt. Cairo, 2007.

El-Sadeek W. Twenty-Sixth Dynasty Necropolis at Gizeh: An analysis of the tomb of Thery and its place in the development of Saite funerary art and architecture // Veröffentlichungen der Institute für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie der Universität Wien, Nr. 29: Beiträge zur Ägyptologie. Bd. 5. Wien, 1984.

Faulkner R. O. The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts. Vol. I–III. Warminster, 1994.

Faulkner R. O. The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead. Austin, 2001.

Faulkner R. O. The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts. Oxford, 2004.

Gabolde M. Under a Deep Blue Starry Sky // Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane / Ed. by P. J. Brand and L. Cooper. Leiden, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004176447.i-240.44

Gatty Ch. T. Catalogue of the Mayer Collection. P. I: The Egyptian, Babylonian, and Assyrian Antiquities. Second and revised Edition. London, 1879.

Gohary S. The Twin Tomb Chapel of Nebnefer & His Son Mahu at Sakkara. Cairo, 2009.

Hayes W. C. A Canopic Jar of King Nesu-Ba-neb-Dēdet of Tanis // The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series. Vol. 5, № 10. New York, 1947. https://doi.org/10.2307/3257310

Hayes W. C. The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. P. I: From the Earliest Time to the End of the Middle Kingdom. New York, 1990a.

Hayes W. C. The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. P. II: The Hyksos Period and the New Kingdom (1675–1080 B. C.). New York, 1990b.

Heerma van Voss M. Horuskinder // LÄ. Bd. III. 1980.

Heerma van Voss M. Methodology and the Egyptian Book of the Dead // Science of Religion: Studies in Methodology. The Hauge, 1979. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110814507.11

Hornung E. Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt: The One and the Many. Ithaca – New York, 1982.

Ikram S. Death und Burial in Ancient Egypt. London, 2003.

Jacobs D. Terence DuQuesne: Another Obituary (posted on: 24 April, 2014) [Електронний ресурс]. Режим доступу: https://libertarianalliance.wordpress.com/2014/04/24/terence-duquesne-an.

Junker H. Die Stundenwachen in den Osirismysterien nach den Inschriften von Dendera, Edfu und Philae / Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Philosophish-Historische Klasse. Bd. LIV. Wien, 1910.

Kockelmann H. Drei Götter unterm Totenbett zu einem ungewöhnlichen Bildmotiv in einer späten Totenbuch-Handschrift // RdÉ. T. 57. 2006. https://doi.org/10.2143/RE.57.0.2019400

Lacau P. Stèles du Nouvel Empire. T. I / Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire. T. 45. Le Caire, 1909.

Lilyquist Ch. Some Dynasty 18 Canopic Jars from Royal Burials in the Cairo Museum // JARCE. Vol. 30. 1993. https://doi.org/10.2307/40000230

Lucas A. The Canopic Vases From The “Tomb of Queen Tiyi” // ASAE. T. 31. 1931.

Lutz H. F. A Stone Group of Amset and Hapi // JAOS. Vol. 46. 1926. https://doi.org/10.2307/593833

Lüscher B. Untersuchungen zu ägyptischen Kanopenkästen: Vom Alten Reich bis zum Ende der Zweiten Zwischenzeit. Hildesheim, 1990.

Mace A. C., Winlock H. E. The Tomb of Senebtisi at Lisht. New York, 1916.

Málek J. Imset (I) and Ḥepy (H) Canopic-Jars of Neferseshem-psammethek // JEA. Vol. 64. 1978. https://doi.org/10.2307/3856455

Martin K. Kanopen II // LÄ. Bd. III. 1980a.

Martin K. Kanopenkasten // LÄ. Bd. III. 1980b.

Mathieu B. Les Enfants d’Horus, théologie et astronomie (Enquêtes dans les Textes des Pyramides, 1) // ENiM. T. 1. 2008.

Milde H. The Vignettes in the Book of the Dead of Neferrenpet / Egyptologische Uitgaven, VII. Leiden, 1991.

Moje J. Untersuchungen zur Hieroglyphischen Paläographie und Klassifizierung der Privatstelen der 19. Dynastie / ÄAT. Bd. 67. Wiesbaden, 2007.

Mosher M. Jr. The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead in the Late Period: A Study of Revisions Evident in Evolving Vignettes, and Possible Chronological or Geographical Implications for Differing Versions of Vignettes: Diss. Berkley, 1990.

Murray M. A. The Tomb of Two Brothers / The Manchester Museum. Museum Handbooks. Publ. No. 68. Manchester, 1910.

Nicholson P., Shaw I. The British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. Cairo, 2002.

Nyord R. Breathing Flesh: Conceptions of the Body in the Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts / CNI Publications. Vol. 37. Copenhagen, 2009.

Raven M. J. Egyptian Concepts on the Orientation of the Human Body // JEA. Vol. 91. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1177/030751330509100103

Reisner G. The Dated Canopic Jars of the Gizeh Museum // ZÄS. Bd. 37. 1899. https://doi.org/10.1515/zaes-1899-0108

Reisner G. Canopics / Revised, annotated and completed by M. H. Abd-ul-Rahman / Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire. T. 103. Le Caire, 1967 (non vidi).

Rogouline M. Évolution des receptacles à canopes // BIFAO. T. 63. 1965.

Seeber Ch. Untersuchungen zur Darstellung des Totengerichts im Alten Ägypten. München – Berlin, 1976.

Sethe K. Zur Geschichte der Einbalsamierung bei den Ägyptern und einiger damit verbundener Bräuche // Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Klasse. Berlin, 1934.

Sourdive C. La Main Dans L’Egypte Pharaonique: Recherches de morphologie structural sur les objets égyptiens comportant une main. Berne –Francfort-s. Mainz – New York, 1984.

Spencer A. J. Death in Ancient Egypt. London, 1982.

Stewart H. M. Egyptian Stelae, Reliefs and Paintings from the Petrie Collection. P. 3: The Late Period. Warminster, 1983.

Symons S. Ancient Egyptian Astronomy: Timekeeping and Cosmography in the New Kingdom: Diss. Leicester, 1999.

Taylor J. H. Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt. Chicago, 2001.

Van Siclen III C. C. Review: Untersuchungen zur Darstellung des Totengerichts im alten Agypten by Christine Seeber // JARCE. Vol. 22. 1985. https://doi.org/10.2307/40000421

Wainwright G. A. Iron in Egypt // JEA. Vol. 18. 1932. https://doi.org/10.2307/3854899

Willems H. Chests of Life: A Study of the Typology and Conceptual Development of Middle Kingdom Standard Class Coffins / Mededelingen en verhandelingen van het Vooraziatisch genootschap “Ex Oriente Lux”. Vol. 25. Leiden, 1988.

REFERENCES

Avdiyev V. I. (1939), “Stsena bal’zamirovaniya v drevneyegipetskom iskusstve”, in Trudy GMII im. A. S. Pushkina. Seriya iskusstvovedcheskikh issledovaniy, Vol. 6, Moscow and Leningrad. (In Russian).

Volkov I. M. (1917), Drevneyegipetskiy bog Sebek, Petrograd. (In Russian).

Malykh S. E. (2010), “Novyye dannyye ob ispol’zovanii kanop v epokhu Drevnego tsarstva”, in Vestnik drevney istorii, No. 4. (In Russian).

Pavlova O. I. (1984), Amon Fivanskiy: rannyaya istoriya kul’ta (V–XVII dinastii), Moscow. (In Russian).

Rubinshteyn R. I. (1976), “Pogrebal’nyye obryady po 151-y glave ‘Knigi mertvykh’”, in Tutankhamon i ego vremya, Moscow. (In Russian).

Allen T. G. (1974), “The Book of the Dead or Going Forth by Day. Ideas of the Ancient Egyptians concerning the Hereafter as expressed in their own Terms”, in Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, Vol. 37, Chicago.

Assmann J. (1979), “Harfnerlied und Horussöhne: Zwei Blöcke aus dem Verschollenen Grab des Bürgermeisters Amenemhēt (Theben nr. 163) im Britischen Museum”, in Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 65. https://doi.org/10.2307/3856566

Aston D. A. (1996), Review: “The Canopic Equipment of the Kings of Egypt by Aidan Dodson”, in Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 82. https://doi.org/10.2307/3822131

Baron A. (2014), Terence DuQuesne R. I. P., 23 April, available at: www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/16942364-terence-duquesne-rip

Bauval R. G. and Gilbert A. G. (1994), “The Adze of Upuaut: The Opening of the Mouth Ceremony and the Northern Shafts in Cheops’s Pyramid”, in Discussions in Egyptology, Vol. 28.

Berlev O. and Hodjash S. (1998), “Catalogue of the Monuments of Ancient Egypt: From the Museums of the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Bielorussia, Caucasus, Middle Asia and the Baltic States”, in Orbis Biblicus et Orientales, Bd. 17, Fribourg and Göttingen.

Billing N. (2002), “Nut. The Goddess of Life in Text and Iconography”, in Uppsala Studies in Egyptology, Vol. 5, Uppsala.

Bochi P. A. (1995), “A Note on the Canopic Jars of Pentaweret (WAG 48.432–435)”, in Göttinger Miszellen. Beiträge zur ägyptologischen Diskussion, Bd. 148.

Bonnet H. (1952), Lexikon der ägyptischen Religionsgeschichte, Berlin.

Borchardt L. (1894), “Der Kanopenkasten des Königs Sbk-m-sAf”, in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, Bd. 32. https://doi.org/10.1524/zaes.1894.32.jg.23

Budge W. E. A. (1893), A Catalogue of the Egyptian Collection in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, Cambridge.

Budge W. E. A. (1989), The Mummy: A Handbook of Egyptian Funerary Archaeology, New York.

Bunson M. R. (2002), Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Revised Edition, New York.

Cassirer M. (1955), “Two Canopic Jars of the Eighteenth Dynasty”, in Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 41. https://doi.org/10.2307/3855253

Dobrowolska K. (1970), “Génèse et evolution des boîtes à vases-canopes”, in Travaux du Centre d’Archéologie méditerranéenne de l’académie polonaise des Sciences, T. X, Études et travaux, T. 4, Warszawa.

Dodson A. A (1985), “Fragment of Canopic Chest in Sir John Soane’s Museum”, in Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 71. https://doi.org/10.2307/3821726

Dodson A. (1994), The Canopic Equipment of the Kings of Egypt, With contributions by O. J. Schaden, E. C. Brock and M. Collier, London.

Dodson A. (1996), “An Unusual Canopic Jar in the Royal Ontario Museum”, in Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 82. https://doi.org/10.2307/3822129

Dodson A. (in print), “Canopics”, in Oxford Companion to the Valley of the Kings.

Dodson A. and Ikram S. (1998), The Mummy in Ancient Egypt: Equipping the Dead for Eternity, London.

Dor L. (1937), De l’évolution des vases canopes depuis leur origine jusqu’à l’époque Romaine, Diss, Paris.

DuQuesne T. (1996), “Review: ‘Dodson A. The Canopic equipment of the kings of Egypt’, with contributions by Otto J. Schaden, Edwin C. Brock, and Mark Collier, Kegan Paul International: London, 1994”, in Discussions in Egyptology, Vol. 34.

DuQuesne T. (2005), “The Jackal Divinities of Egypt. I. From the Archaic Period to Dynasty X”, in Oxfordshire Communications in Egyptology, Vol. VI, London.

DuQuesne T., Fatah M. A., Hawass Z. and el-Saddik W. (2007), Anubis, Upwawet, and other deities. Personal worship and official religion in Ancient Egypt, Cairo.

El-Sadeek W. (1984), “Twenty-Sixth Dynasty Necropolis at Gizeh: An analysis of the tomb of Thery and its place in the development of Saite funerary art and architecture”, in Veröffentlichungen der Institute für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie der Universität Wien, Nr. 29: Beiträge zur Ägyptologie, Bd. 5, Wien.

Faulkner R. O. (1994), The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts, Vol. I–III, Warminster.

Faulkner R. O. (2001), The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead, Austin.

Faulkner R. O. (2004), The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Oxford.

Gabolde M. (2009), “Under a Deep Blue Starry Sky”, in Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane, Ed. by P. J. Brand and L. Cooper, Leiden. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004176447.i-240.44

Gatty Ch. T. (1879), Catalogue of the Mayer Collection, P. I: The Egyptian, Babylonian, and Assyrian Antiquities, Second and revised Edition, London.

Gohary S. (2009), The Twin Tomb Chapel of Nebnefer & His Son Mahu at Sakkara, Cairo.

Hayes W. C. (1947), “A Canopic Jar of King Nesu-Ba-neb-Dēdet of Tanis”, in The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series, Vol. 5, No. 10, New York. https://doi.org/10.2307/3257310

Hayes W. C. (1990a), The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, P. I: From the Earliest Time to the End of the Middle Kingdom, New York.

Hayes W. C. (1990b), The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, P. II: The Hyksos Period and the New Kingdom (1675–1080 B. C.), New York.

Heerma van Voss M. (1980), “Horuskinder”, in Lexikon der Ägyptologie, Bd. III.

Heerma van Voss M. (1979), “Methodology and the Egyptian Book of the Dead”, in Science of Religion: Studies in Methodology, The Hauge. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110814507.11

Hornung E. (1982), Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt: The One and the Many, Ithaca and New York.

Ikram S. (2003), Death und Burial in Ancient Egypt, London.

Jacobs D. (2014), Terence DuQuesne: Another Obituary, 24 April, available at: https://libertarianalliance.wordpress.com/2014/04/24/terence-duquesneano.

Junker H. (1910), “Die Stundenwachen in den Osirismysterien nach den Inschriften von Dendera, Edfu und Philae”, in Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Philosophish-Historische Klasse, Bd. LIV, Wien.

Kockelmann H. (2006), “Drei Götter unterm Totenbett zu einem ungewöhnlichen Bildmotiv in einer späten Totenbuch-Handschrift”, in Revue d’Égyptologie, T. 57. https://doi.org/10.2143/RE.57.0.2019400

Lacau P. (1909), “Stèles du Nouvel Empire. T. I”, in Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire, T. 45, Le Caire.

Lilyquist Ch. (1993), “Some Dynasty 18 Canopic Jars from Royal Burials in the Cairo Museum”, in Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Vol. 30. https://doi.org/10.2307/40000230

Lucas A. (1931), “The Canopic Vases From The ‘Tomb of Queen Tiyi’”, in Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte, T. 31.

Lutz H. F. (1926), “A Stone Group of Amset and Hapi”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 46. https://doi.org/10.2307/593833

Lüscher B. (1990), Untersuchungen zu ägyptischen Kanopenkästen: Vom Alten Reich bis zum Ende der Zweiten Zwischenzeit, Hildesheim.

Mace A. C. and Winlock H. E. (1916), The Tomb of Senebtisi at Lisht, New York.

Málek J. (1978), “Imset (I) and Ḥepy (H) Canopic-Jars of Neferseshem-psammethek”, in Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 64. https://doi.org/10.2307/3856455

Martin K. (1980a), “Kanopen II”, in Lexikon der Ägyptologie, Bd. III.

Martin K. (1980b), “Kanopenkasten”, in Lexikon der Ägyptologie, Bd. III.

Mathieu B. (2008), “Les Enfants d’Horus, théologie et astronomie (Enquêtes dans les Textes des Pyramides, 1)”, in Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne, T. 1.

Milde H. (1991), “The Vignettes in the Book of the Dead of Neferrenpet”, in Egyptologische Uitgaven, VII, Leiden.

Moje J. (2007), “Untersuchungen zur Hieroglyphischen Paläographie und Klassifizierung der Privatstelen der 19. Dynastie”, in Ägypten und Altes Testament, Bd. 67, Wiesbaden.

Mosher M. Jr. (1990), The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead in the Late Period: A Study of Revisions Evident in Evolving Vignettes, and Possible Chronological or Geographical Implications for Differing Versions of Vignettes, Diss., Berkley.

Murray M. A. (1910), “The Tomb of Two Brothers”, in The Manchester Museum. Museum Handbooks, Publ., No. 68, Manchester.

Nicholson P. and Shaw I. (2002), The British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, Cairo.

Nyord R. (2009), “Breathing Flesh: Conceptions of the Body in the Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts”, CNI Publications, Vol. 37, Copenhagen.

Raven M. J. (2005), “Egyptian Concepts on the Orientation of the Human Body”, in Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 91. https://doi.org/10.1177/030751330509100103

Reisner G. (1899), “The Dated Canopic Jars of the Gizeh Museum”, in Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, Bd. 37. https://doi.org/10.1515/zaes-1899-0108

Reisner G. (1967), “Canopics / Revised, annotated and completed by M. H. Abd-ul-Rahman”, Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire, T. 103, Le Caire.

Rogouline M. (1965), “Évolution des receptacles à canopes”, in Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, T. 63.

Seeber Ch. (1976), Untersuchungen zur Darstellung des Totengerichts im Alten Ägypten, München and Berlin.

Sethe K. (1934), “Zur Geschichte der Einbalsamierung bei den Ägyptern und einiger damit verbundener Bräuche”, in Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophischhistorische Klasse, Berlin.

Sourdive C. (1984), La Main Dans L’Egypte Pharaonique: Recherches de morphologie structural sur les objets égyptiens comportant une main, Berne, Francfort-s, Mainz and New York.

Spencer A. J. (1982), Death in Ancient Egypt, London.

Stewart H. M. (1983), Egyptian Stelae, Reliefs and Paintings from the Petrie Collection, P. 3: The Late Period, Warminster.

Symons S. (1999), Ancient Egyptian Astronomy: Timekeeping and Cosmography in the New Kingdom, Diss., Leicester.

Taylor J. H. (2001), Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt, Chicago.

Van Siclen III C. C. (1985), “Review: ‘Untersuchungen zur Darstellung des Totengerichts im alten Agypten by Christine Seeber””, in Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Vol. 22. https://doi.org/10.2307/40000421

Wainwright G. A. (1932), “Iron in Egypt”, in Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 18. https://doi.org/10.2307/3854899

Willems H. (1988), “Chests of Life: A Study of the Typology and Conceptual Development of Middle Kingdom Standard Class Coffins”, in Mededelingen en verhandelingen van het Vooraziatisch genootschap “Ex Oriente Lux”, Vol. 25, Leiden.